Friday, November 29, 2019
Organizational Development free essay sample
Organizational Developments Purpose and Coherence modern outlook. Introduction A review of traditional and The only constant is change- Heraclites, 6th century B. C. , Greek philosopher. Organizational development has seen dramatic changes from earlier times till now. It has seen different phases in its Journey that started from sasss and is continuing till now. It has been through the phase when it was considered a movement and also the phase when it became unwanted in the organization. ODD has struggled hard to keep its significance alive in organizations and answer back to people raising questions to its effectiveness. But this struggle of ODD to increase its effectiveness by incorporating many other values to the original values, had given it a completely different look than what it was at the time of its birth. These changes and improvements have given a challenge to researchers to recognize ODD. This has also put a big question in front of all that Has ODD lost its sense of purpose and coherence? In this essay, firstly different arguments made by researchers about Odds origin, its values, how and why it changed and what it is now will be presented. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This will be followed by a discussion that will answer the question about Odds purpose and coherence and finally, a conclusion will be drawn on the basis of the discussions done. Literature review Odds history roots back to sasss, when few of its values were used without the ID label attached to it (Greener and Cummings, 2004). Cummings and Worker (2001) believe that ODD emerged from five major background- laboratory training, Action research/survey feedback, participative management, quality of work life and strategic change, the last two being very new concepts of ODD. However, the fundamental concept of ODD is based on Kurt Linens work of planned change (Burners, 2009). Many researchers and practitioners have continuously contributed to ODD practices to give it new dimensions. However, most of the work could be related to Kurt Linens Action Research Model, the three step model and phases of planned change model (Burners, 1996). While some scholars pursued a micro-psychological approach, others went in a macro-organizational direction and added values to ODD like achievement of self actualization, openness, personal recognition, less dogmatic approach to psychotherapy, organization wide participation of individuals and leadership which they thought will lead to organizational effectiveness (Greener and Cummings, 2004). The continuous contribution to the researchers and practitioners gave rise to traditional ODD values by which it tried to address the issue of stagnation and resistance to change, its causes and how resistance can be overcome (Workman, 2010). Operas and Bradford (2004) have stated that the traditional ODD model believed that physiologically healthier people will work better leading to a more effective and successful organization and therefore, ODD tried to make people more self competent, more self aware, less defensive, accept feedback, listen better, more empathetic, share power, thereby helping people work better in groups, find out better solutions and do better decision making. These changes in people were generally done by the change agents who used to follow a process that involves diagnosis of the problem, action, evaluation and further action and evaluation and self sustaining of the change in collaboration with the organization (Burners, 1996). Thus, Backyard (1969) fines that ODD is an effort l)planned ,2)organization-wide and 3)managed from the top, to 4) increase organization effectiveness and health through planned interventions in the organizations processes using behavioral science knowledge. By the sasss and sasss ODD became self confident and dynamic (Grieves, 2000, p. 345). However, the growing enthusiasm of ODD didnt last long and during the late sasss and sasss ODD became a bad word in many companies and continues to be the same now also (Greener and Cummings, 2004). Operas and Bradford (2004) support this by saying ODD groups in organization did not reduce a lot of lasting changes that people could point out. Research says that ODD does not exist in 9% of the organizations and they use alternative terms like organizational effectiveness (Wackiest and Church, n. D. ). The question that arises is what happened to ODD in late sasss and sasss that it started losing its significance. In late sasss there were many criticisms made to ODD values. Greener and Cummings (2004) have pointed some of them like ODD values saw only human side I. E. Changing the individual and group behavior and overlooked Organizations strategy, control and structure. It also overemphasized on interpersonal values like openness and trust to change the informal culture of the organization on the expenses of effectiveness of the organization and tried to apply team work and openness to organizations that did not require so much of these values for its effective performance (Greener and Cummings 2004). In addition to these, Burners (1996) says that ODD did not look towards the political aspects. Furthermore, it did not analyze the compatibility of behavioral change with the strategy and culture of the organization (Greener and Cummings, 2004). These views have been complemented by Burners (1996, p. 86) who says it assumed that one type of approach to change is suitable for all organizations, all situations and all time. Adding to this, Operas and Bradford (2004) say that the change agents became like child with ODD as a hammer and who saw every problem as a nail and tried to fix it with the hammer. Still the question stays If these were the issues then why was ODD a success in sasss and why not now? Operas and Bradford (2004) point out that Organization to 1 s nave transformed themselves trot stable to unstable organizations with more mergers, acquisitions and globalization. The continuous hang in economic conditions, new technology and change in workforce are placing high demands on the organizations to change accordingly (Greener and Cummings, 2004). To meet the demands placed, organizations can make their suppliers their partners, customers their competitors, employees can become customers, suppliers or competitors, making the business environment highly complex (Burners, 1996). In this complex environment, it is also important for ODD to think that People change their behavior as a result of changes in the environment in which they work (Operas and Bradford 2004, p. 395). Neumann et al. 1999) believes that ODD practitioners have to think of structural changes (e. G. Organizational design) also. However, the change agents without realizing this, continued the same way of using the traditional ODD values to solve the problems of present organizations which were a lot different from those of sasss and hence, the results were not achieved (Operas and Bradford, 2004). To address the critics and to become effective in present organizations, a group of ODD practitioners emerged known as adapters who changed their thinking about how to intervene in an organization (Greener and Cummings, 2004). They used the emergent approach of ODD that took a broader understanding of problems and practice of managing change within a complex environment and observed that successful change is less dependent on detailed plans in a complex environment (Burners, 1996). Moreover, in turbulent times consultants should use a model of change that is situational and that indicates how to vary change strategies to achieve optimum fit with the changing environment (Burners, 1996). Furthermore, the change agents have to have more practical and theoretical insight to know what can be actually changed by their intervention (Institutors and Simian, 2010). Therefore, the consultants are no more using the same old ODD models which were more of a step by step approach, rather they are utilizing their own experiences of knowing what techniques will work in what situations depending on the culture and strategy of the organization (Bogged, 2002). The adaptive ODD practitioners started focusing on strategy, structure, work design, human resource practices and organization learning by which they could cope up with the organizational uncertainty (Burners, 1996). Newer ODD started utilizing reengineering efforts to make different tools available to employees for continuous improvement, use lean and flexible structure that enabled the organization to respond to changing condition (Greener and Cummings, 2004). But, many old ODD practitioners feel that to be relevant to real business issues like downsizing etc, ODD have neglected many fundamental values of its field that are integral to community like the organization-individual interface, the development of people, trust, inter- organizational relations etc (Burke, 1997). To make the changes effective, consultants also looked at the financial, political, technical and other factors affecting the business environment (Bradford and Burke, 2004). Thus values of business efficiency, expediency and short term gain have overridden original ODD values of involvement, trust and openness (Greener and Cummings, 2004). Burners (2009) adds that for ODD to maintain its relevance, it had to shift to an organization-wide transformation approach trot a group-based planned approach, thereby moving away trot its core humanist and democratic values. Greener and Cummings (2004), Operas and Bradford (2004) and Bradford and Burke (2004) feel that a broader view of changing organization, making the change open ended and using various other change sequences along with ODD for business effectiveness has today changed ODD completely and made the boundaries of ODD complex and blurred, thereby putting a serious question of what ODD is today? ODD now lacks a central, agreed upon theory of change or even approach to change now (Bradford and Burke, 2004). Operas and Bradford (2004) although agree to the fact that the values of ODD are important but say that ODD is irrelevant now as he believes ODD is everything so ODD is nothing. ODD, to address all the problems of the organization has added a lot to its boundaries and become irrelevant (Operas and Bradford, 2004). However, ODD has high potential to look for negotiation, mediation and conflict management issues to create a humane, productive and sustainable enterprises in 21st century (Burke,1997; Wringers et al. 2007). But, for this ODD has to stop weakening its discipline and has to define its boundary soon (Bradford and Burke, 2004; Leverages, 2010). Discussions From the literature review it can be observed that traditional ODD had very specific values which were more based on humanist and democratic values and had a planned way of approach. It was based on openness, trust, people having good legislations etc. Thus, the change agents thought how to change peoples behavior in a planned way so that they dont resist to the changes, become satisfied, work better both as individual and in group and hence organizational effectiveness will be achieved. Also as Burners (2009) points out change approach was limited to the group and not the organization as a whole. But, this could not be effective in todays organizations. With globalization, mergers and acquisitions the business environment has become very unstable, uncertain and the relationships have become very complex. The consultants need to understand the business environment and the situation before thinking of any intervention. The intervention done for a problem in Organization A might not be successful for the same problem in organization B because of cultural differences, internal and external politics and differences in the organizations overall strategy. But, the traditional ODD did not take into account all these factors and tried to address all the problems of the organization by changing individual and group behavior, overlooking the other aspects like strategy, politics, and culture of the organizations. Therefore, traditional ODD could no longer be successful. These problems led the ODD consultants to make it flexible rather than a planned approach and organization wide approach rather than a group approach. They started to develop interventions that would suit the culture, the structure and the strategy of the organizations. They also started using approaches like downsizing and reengineering which have values strikingly different than that of the traditional ODD values. As Greener and Cummings (2004) state that business efficiency and snort term gains (business profits) became more important Han Odds core values of trust, involvement etc. Moreover traditional ODD was people biased while the new ODD is more inclined towards the strategic broader view of the organization and thus cannot maintain those values which were more human based (people oriented). Thus new ODD practitioners in the thirst of making ODD self sufficient to solve all the problems of the present organizations have constantly increased its boundary to make it a organization wide approach and had made ODD to travel in a direction which is strikingly different from its original direction. This has put a fear that ODD might come too point where no one will recognize it and it will be also hard for ODD to come back to its starting point. Conclusion ODD is no more specific about its values and is no more a planned way of approach. It has transformed itself from a rigid approach to a flexible approach. It is no more people biased rather it has incorporated many other aspects of the business environment to be successful in solving the issues that the organizations are facing. In this process of designing the interventions based on the strategy of the organization, it has not only lost its traditional values, its original purpose and coherence but also is on a verge of losing its identity. However, a proper definition of ODD and strengthening of its values can help gain back its significance in the present scenario. Otherwise, ODD will completely lose its significance from the organizations and will soon see its values being used under some other label leading to non existence of ODD.
Monday, November 25, 2019
More Than, As Often As...These Are Comparative Adverbs
More Than, As Often As...These Are Comparative Adverbs Comparative adverbs express relative superiority or inferiority. Superiority, the idea that something is more or (greater) than something else, is expressed with plus in French. Inferiority, meaning that something is less than something else, is stated with moins. You can also express equality with comparatives, to state that something is as (great) as something else; in French, there are two possible equivalents to this: aussi and autant. French Comparatives 1. In French comparatives, you use stressed pronouns after que, rather than subject pronouns. For example, Il est plus grand que moi Hes taller than me.2. Comparative adverbs are most commonly used with adjectives, but you can also use them with adverbs, verbs, and nouns. These comparisons have slightly different constructions for each part of speech. Click in the summary table below for detailed lessons. Construction of French Comparative Adverbs Comparisons with... Required word order Adjectives plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que + noun/pronoun plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que + adjective plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que + temporal adverb Adverbs plus/moins/aussi + adverb + que + noun/pronoun plus/moins/aussi + adverb + que + adverb plus/moins/aussi + adverb + que + temporal adverb Nouns plus/moins/autant de + noun + que + noun/pronoun plus/moins/autant de + noun + que + de + noun plus/moins/autant de + noun + que + temporal adverb Verbs verb + plus/moins/autant que + noun/pronoun verb + plus/moins/autant que + pronoun (+ ne) + verb verb + plus/moins/autant que + temporal adverb  When comparing with adjectives, use plus (adjective) que for superiority, moins (adjective) que for inferiority, and aussi (adjective) que for equality.Adjective: vert (green)   plus vert (greener)   moins vert (less green)   aussi vert (as green)Like all adjectives, the adjectives used in comparatives have to agree with the nouns that they modify, and therefore have different forms for masculine, feminine, singular, and plural. The comparative itself, however, is invariable:Masculine singular   plus vert (greener)   moins vert (less green)   aussi vert (as green)Feminine singular   plus verte (greener)   moins verte (less green)   aussi verte (as green)Masculine plural   plus verts (greener)   moins verts (less green)   aussi verts (as green)Feminine plural   plus vertes (greener)   moins vertes (less green)   aussi vertes (as green)Note: The above i s true for all adjectives except bon and mauvais, which have special comparative forms for superiority. Types of Comparisons with Adjectives 1. Compare two nouns with one adjective.   David est plus fier que Jeanne.   David is prouder than Jeanne.   Jeanne est moins fià ¨re que David.   Jeanne is less proud than David.2. Compare one noun with two adjectives.   Jean est aussi riche que travailleur.   Jean is as rich as (he is) hard-working.   Jeanne est plus sympa quintelligente.   Jeanne is nicer than (she is) smart.3. Compare an adjective over time.   Jean est moins stricte quavant.   Jean is less strict than before.   Jeanne est aussi belle que toujours.   Jeanne is as beautiful as ever. Note: You can also make an implied comparison to any of the above by leaving out que.  Jean est plus grand.   Jean is taller.   Jeanne est moins fià ¨re.   Jeanne is less proud. When comparing with adverbs, use plus (adverb) que for superiority, moins (adverb) que for inferiority, and aussi (adverb) que for equality.Adverb: prudemment (carefully)   plus prudemment (more carefully)   moins prudemment (less carefully)   aussi prudemment (as carefully)Note: The adverb bien has a special comparative form when expressing superiority. Types of Comparisons with Adverbs 1. Compare two nouns with one adverb.   Jean lit plus lentement que Luc.  Jean reads more slowly than Luc.    Jeanne à ©crit moins souvent que Luc.   Jeanne writes less often than Luc.2. Compare one noun with two adverbs.   Jean travaille aussi vite que gentiment.   Jean works as quickly as (he does) helpfully.   Jeanne à ©crit plus soigneusement quefficacement.   Jeanne writes more carefully than (she does) efficiently.3. Compare an adverb over time.   Jean mange plus poliment quavant.   Jean eats more politely than before.   Jeanne parle aussi fort que toujours.   Jeanne speaks as loudly as ever.Note: You can also make an implied comparison to any of the above by leaving out que.   Jean lit plus lentement.   Jean reads more slowly.   Jeanne à ©crit moins souvent.   Jeanne writes less often. When comparing with nouns, use plus de (noun) que for superiority, moins de (noun) que for inferiority, and autant de (noun) que for equality.Noun: livre (book)   plus de livres (more books)   moins de livres (fewer books)   autant de livres (as many books) Types of Comparisons with Nouns 1. Compare the amount of a noun between two subjects.   Jean veut autant damis que Luc.   Jean wants as many friends as Luc (has).   La France a plus de vin que lAllemagne.   France has more wine than Germany.2. Compare two nouns (note that the second noun must also be preceded by de).   Jean a plus dintelligence que de bon sens.   Jean has more brains than sense.   Jeanne a autant damis que dennemis.   Jeanne has as many friends as enemies.3. Compare a noun over time.   Jean connaà ®t moins de gens quavant.   Jean knows fewer people than (he did) before.   Jeanne a autant didà ©es que toujours.   Jeanne has as many ideas as ever.Note: You can also make an implied comparison to any of the above by leaving out que.   Jean veut autant damis.   Jean wants as many friends.   La France a plus de vin.   France has more wine. When comparing verbs, use (verb) plus que for superiority, (verb) moins que for inferiority, and (verb) autant que for equality.Verb: voyager (to travel)   voyager plus (to travel more)   voyager moins (to travel less)   voyager autant (to travel as much) Types of Comparisons with Verbs 1. Compare a verb between two subjects.   Jean travaille plus que Luc.   Jean works more than Luc (does).   Jeanne a à ©tudià © autant que Luc.   Jeanne studied as much as Luc (did).2. Compare two verbs.*   Jean rit autant quil pleure.   Jean laughs as much as he cries.   Jeanne travaille plus quelle ne joue.   Jeanne works more than she plays.*When comparing two verbs, you need:  a) a pronoun referring back to the subject in front of the second verb  b) after plus and moins, the ne explà ©tif before the second verb3. Compare a verb over time.   Jean lit moins quavant.   Jean reads less than (he did) before.   Jeanne à ©tudie autant que toujours.   Jeanne studies as much as always.Note: You can also make an implied comparison to any of the above by leaving out que.   Jean travaille plus.   Jean works more.   Jeanne a à ©tudià © autan t.   Jeanne a à ©tudià © autant. Additional Resources French comparatives and superlativesIntroduction to comparativesComparatives with adjectivesComparatives with adverbsComparatives with nounsComparatives with verb
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Should Parents be Subjected to Licencing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Should Parents be Subjected to Licencing - Essay Example In the hands of parents lie their children’s future because how they mold their children will create a great impact on the children’s lives. LaFollette has argued that a license is necessary when the activity to be engaged upon is potentially harmful to others. Much like a driver needs to secure a driver’s license before driving a car because driving is potentially harmful to others, parenting is argued to likewise be potentially harmful to children especially if the parents are not qualified to raise them (183). The second argument for a licensing program for parents is that their competence should be proven in order to ensure a safe performance of their duties as parents (183). What if they are not adept in caring for another individual, especially a young child who is totally dependent on them for all his needs? What if they do not have what it takes to equip the children with the necessary skills to survive when they grow up and go out into the world? What wo uld become of these children? A third argument for licensing is that there should be a reliable procedure for testing such competence (184). LaFollette explains that when the first two arguments are met, that of parenting being potentially harmful indeed to others especially to children, and that the parents’ competence is questionable, then parents become legitimate subjects for licensing. If all three arguments are met, then it becomes imperative to issue licenses to qualified parents. Since children are highly valued by society, their welfare is given utmost consideration. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) declares that "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth" (Article 2.2), Article 2.2 further details, â€Å"States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.†This implies that if children are left in the hands of irresponsible parents, then the state will do everything to protect children from any potential harm that may be inflicted by such parents. This is to ensure that they will be kept safe and put in an environment where they can grow and develop into well-adjusted and healthy individuals that can be productive and contributory citizens to society in the future. Studies have shown that children who grew up under abusive or negligent parents have strong tendencies to develop the same behaviors with their own children due to the constant exposure they got when they were young. Anda et al (2005:174) discussed in their study that the traumatic experiences of abused or neglected children often stays on with the victims into adulthood. Some children may never fully recover from the trauma, resulting in lifelong depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Other individuals may be predisposed to engage in prostitution, pornography, drug abuse, or crime. The long-term consequences of child maltreatment can be so devastating that it has been called "soul murder" (Shengold, 1989:43). In order to prevent this, Article 19 of the UNCRC requires that â€Å"
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Factors in Choosing a Quality Lighting Luminary for a Building Assignment
Factors in Choosing a Quality Lighting Luminary for a Building - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that a fluorescent lamp refers to a low-pressure mercury lamp powered by an electric current. In a construction of a fluorescent lamp, a glass tube is filled with a mixture of argon and mercury vapor at low pressure. The inner side of the tube is coated with the phosphoric coating. The basic structure is as in the diagram presented in the paper. When the light is switched on, current flows through the electrodes in the tube and as a result, it passes through the gas which is contained between the electrodes. The current flow results in the emission of Ultraviolet light from the mercury arc which is converted to visible light by the fluorescent coating found on the inner side of the tube. The circuit contains a starter switch (which is a bimetallic strip), an inductor, a small radio suppressor capacitor and a power correction capacitor that is connected to an AC or DC power supply. The power supply provides the necessary current required to op erate the lamp. This type of lamp contains an outer glass envelop that is filled with nitrogen gas. The nitrogen gas acts as a coolant in that it keeps the arc tube at correct temperatures. It also contains a quartz discharge tube which is filled with argon gas and some small amount of mercury which is in liquid form. Either end of the discharge tube contains two electrodes and a secondary electrode which begins the discharge. The secondary electrode is connected in series with a 10 – 30 â„ ¦ resistor. At first, there is no current flow when the lamp is powered on. Then the power supply voltage appears across the main electrode and between one of the mains electrodes and the secondary electrode through the series resistor. Consequently, there is a production of an arc between the secondary and the main electrode resulting in occurrence of ionization. The pressure and the heat build-up results in the formation of more high pressure and vaporized arc between the electrodes.
Monday, November 18, 2019
Transvestic Fetishism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Transvestic Fetishism - Research Paper Example This condition mainly affects the males and females are not known to suffer from it. Frenchman Chevalier d’Eon de Beaumont was suffering from this condition and hence after him this disorder was also given the name of eonism. The patients who suffer from this condition are also known as transvestites (Laws et al 2008 & Zucker et al 1995). The patients who suffer from transvestic fetishism have a tendency to collect the clothing of females which include everyday clothes as well as undergarments and other things that is shoes, socks and nightdresses. They may also like wearing these and then taking their photographs dressed in the female attire. By performing these acts the subject gets sexually aroused and has achieves sexual pleasure. The onset of this condition is mainly after the attainment of puberty and many cases of this condition cannot be reported because transvestites basically perform these acts in private rather than openly. Another important reason behind this is the fact that transvestites are mainly heterosexual and may enjoy normal relationships with women to an extent that they may even be married. Transvestic fetishism patients also have another important characteristic that they show patterns of both male as well as female personality (Laws et al 2008 & Zucker et al 1995). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, there are four important characteristics which basically define a person as a transvestite. The first characteristic is the finding of the factor of wearing the attire of the opposite sex. The second important finding is the fact that this dressing should be coupled with the attainment of sexual gratification and pleasure. Also this condition is mainly seen in men who are normal biologically and that they are attracted to females that is they are heterosexuals. In the year 2000, The DSM-IV-TR standards for
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Operation Buckshot Yankee
Operation Buckshot Yankee Operation Buckshot Yankee: The Primary Point of Weakness By Jeffrey Higa Abstract Operation Buckshot Yankee is a catastrophic event that was a turning point in cyber security for the U.S. government. This incident established the current dominating war fighting domain known as cyberspace and established the need for increased cyber security. I would like to highlight the event known as Operation Buckshot Yankee, how and why it happened, a possible solution that could have prevented this, and similar events synonymous to this situation. I would like to highlight the main point of weakness from my perspective on the situation and propose how this weakness can be strengthened with proper people management and training. I will provide explanations and examples to provide a clear view on how this situation could have possibly be prevented, and statistical data to back up my findings as well as a personal example of a real situation recently occurring in my career. By being able to estimate the possible costs of damages in both monetary and reputational damage caused in these situations, these numbers can prove how valuable data can be and what the costs of a simple mistake such as using a mysterious flash drive can cause. In conclusion, I would like to mention a possible solution to the problem and my personal view on the situation and how it applies to us not only in this event, but also has an impact on our everyday lives in the field of IT and IT security. Essay Operation Buckshot Yankee is based on a cyber security incident which took place in the Middle East in 2008. This cyber attack event was a turning point in the history of U.S. cyber defense, and caused drastic losses of data from secret government databases. Operation Buckshot Yankee was the name of the operation to stop a malicious code that was contained on a flash drive an American soldier found in the Middle East. This flash drive was then inserted by a government employee to a laptop connected to Central Command networks and caused the code to spread throughout classified and unclassified military networks allowing the enemy to steal valuable information on these systems. According to an article by Lynn (2010), U.S. government systems are constantly probed and scanned by adversaries millions of times daily, but this attack was an example of a successful cyber attack. The military lost thousands of data files including weapon and operational plans as well as surveillance data stored on classifieds U.S. networks. Having this incident happen, the government has realized the need for increased cyber security and work to create a secure international network. In response to this attack, the government declared cyberspace as an official war fighting domain, and initiated plans to regulate cyberspace crimes and safety. Up to this attack in 2008, Operation Buckshot Yankee is said to have been the most significant breach of U.S. military computers to date according to an article by Nakashima (2010). According to Lynn (2010) this type of attack is the introduction of a new type of war fighting that opens up the new domain known as cyberspace where traditional war laws do not apply. Cyberspace has now become the primary point of attack, as these types of attacks are relatively inexpensive as they only required trained individuals and computers, rather than large expensive equipment such as tanks and jets. According to another article by Nakashima, the NSA was alerted by a signal in the U.S. system trying to send messages back to the code creator. The NA then found a program that infected their classified network and was sending data out. They sourced the code to the aforementioned thumb drive and found that the code would look for important documents and spread itself to other thumb drives connected to the network. The malicious program was called Agent.btz and infected the host computer and spread over the network to other computers. Any other flash drives connected to already infected computers were then also infected and caused further spread throughout the network. The article also mentions that the code had already been out for months prior to the attack, and was floating around the internet but did not have access to government systems due to them being isolated from the public networks. Due to the government not being able to scan public networks thoroughly, the code was bypass ed until the incident. This situation highlights the danger of insider threats, whether intentional or accidental. In the case of Buckshot Yankee, the carelessness of an individual was the cause of the insider threat which compromised an otherwise secure system isolated from outsider threats. Operation Buckshot Yankee is the planned government operation of shutting down Agent.btz and putting a stop to the stealing of government data. The government analyzed the code and saw that it was looking instructions on what actions to take. The NSA Tailored Access Operations team created a plan to force the code to deactivate itself by sending their instructions for it to shut down. The operation was a success and the instructions were sent out across the network once testing as done, and the malicious code was shut down. Though this code was put to a stop, many important government documents had already been stolen, but the incident was put to a halt. This incident led to the banning of thumb drives on Department of Defense systems as a security measure from preventing a similar incident from happening again. The flash drive was sourced in the Middle East and according to an article by Goodin (2010) the source code was said to have been from Russia but there is no solid evidence directly proving this. The article by Goodin also describes that Government systems are constantly under the threat of cyber attack, and that a dozen computer hackers could drastically cripple U.S. government networks if a network vulnerability is found. This is a perfect example of how drastically times have changed, and that cyberspace is the new arena to commence attacks. According to the article as an example, a dozen people at computers could possibly bring a country down in an extremely cost and labor efficient manner. Losses of life would be minimal for adversaries compared to a kinetic attack, and damages caused could be in the form of disruption o f services or staling of valuable data as described in Buckshot Yankee. A great example of disruption of services would be the event in Estonia as described by Richards (2009). A Distributed Denial of Service attack was launched against Estonia in protest of moving a politically valued statue. These attacks lasted three weeks and were strategically launched targeting banks and other essential services to cripple the technological systems of Estonia. Having essential services shut down can cause chaos and leave a country vulnerable to attacks if an adversary were to take advantage of the situation. Taking that into account, resulting damages of cyber warfare and cyber attacks could essentially have worse effects than kinetic war or possibly result in additional kinetic war. Operation Buckshot Yankee is a perfect example of how battles will most likely be fought in this current era and going into the future. Cyber attacks are en extremely inexpensive and efficient method of causing a significant amount of damage with minimal effort. Due to the nature of cyberspace, attacks are also very difficult to pinpoint and regulate. Traditional laws do not apply here as there are no clear boundaries in the world of cyberspace. As described in an article by Mjr. Gen. Charles J. Dunlap USAF (2009), the definition of cyberspace itself is yet very unclear and undefined. Without proper definition, it is difficult to make accurate laws to apply to this new war fighting domain. The only real protection as mentioned in this article is for nations to take responsibility for their own actions and their citizens. In the case of Operation Buckshot Yankee, this was the unintentional irresponsibility of a U.S. citizen. Due to difficulty in specifically sourcing threats and the l imitless boundaries of cyberspace, it is almost impossible to place blame on a certain country or individual, especially if they are located in another country. As in the case of Buckshot Yankee, though the incident was caused in the Middle East, the code is theoretically sourced from Russia, but there is no way to truly prove it. This brings me to the point that the primary point of any cyber security system is human error. I believe that people cause the most problems in any technology environment regardless of the situation. Computers are controlled by people that cause the problems. Another great and synonymous example is the recent event of credit card information being stolen from Target. An article by Riley, Elgin and Matlack (2014) malware had been installed on Target’s computer system to steal credit card information as it was swiped. Target had installed a detection system by FireEye to detect malware prior to the event happening, but the system was ignored even when alerts were given to the companies’ IT and management. According to the article, about 40 million credit card numbers and 70 million other pieces of information were stolen before the situation was acted upon. This is another prime example of a system working properly but being held back by people. Had this situation been a cted upon as soon as the alert was announced, many peoples’ valuable information would have been saved, and the company would have saved possibly avoidable expenses. As described in a book by Harris,S., Kumar,P.V. (2013), the most important part of cyber security is people. Operation Buckshot Yankee is a perfect example of how human error can cause catastrophic damage. Whether it be due to improper training or carelessness, this event started with the actions of a single person and turned into a widespread situation with catastrophic damages. If proper training was initiated and due diligence was practiced, this situation could have been avoided. Most would consider a random flash drive found in an adversary country to be suspicious and would not try to plug it into any computer, let alone a secure government system, but user errors such as this are the primary cause of incidents regarding technology. Wilshusen (2013) shows statistics from government agencies explaining that 20% of cyber incidents are due to improper usage; only secondary to incidents still unexplained or under investigation. This statistical data is a definite indicator that people are the primary cause for problems in even federal government agencies. By having solid statistics based on real reports from 2012, it is irrefutable evidence that people are the primary cause of concern and outlines the need for continuous training and testing of knowledge. By keeping people properly trained and reducing the number of unknowing individuals having access to network resources above their knowledge these numbers could possibly be greatly reduced. A great personal example is at my place of employment. I work for a government sponsored healthcare company which handles patient data on a daily basis that is regulated by HIPAA. There are a few employees who are older aged (50-60) and are relatively unfamiliar with computers regardless of training given. A prime example is one employee in particular who is in upper management. I cannot think of a more perfect example of a prime target for any type of cyber attack, from social engineering to spam emails, she has fallen victim to them all and constantly does to this day. Upon sitting at her computer, all her usernames and passwords can be found on sticky notes on her desk or under her keyboard. She also opens every email and attachment regardless of what it says or who it is from. We recently had a couple simultaneous incidents happen with her in the past few weeks. The first sign was her email account being locked by our service provider. We called and they said her email was being used to send thousands of spam emails while logged in from China. Upon fixing this and changing her passwords etc., we scanned her computer only to find more than 17,000 malware installed on her computer. We constantly inform her about how to properly inspect email and about not giving out personal information or opening every attachment. Even with antispam programs on our server, some emails will always slip through, and she will always open them. I find this to be a prime example of human error and carelessness to perfectly describe how an incident such as Buckshot Yankee can occur. The statistical cost provided in an article by Ponemon Institute (2012) has shown in a survey that the average cost to a company of a successful cyber attack is about $214,000. This shows that the damages can be significant, and that data is extremely valuable. In the case of buckshot Yankee, the data which was stolen containing weapon plans, and confidential operations and surveillance data is of significant value and could result in catastrophic damages to the U.S. in both costs and possibly loss of life. If this data is placed in the wrong hands it could be used maliciously and the damage could be limitless. In the situation of my workplace, losing patient data could also be a significant loss, leading to possible lawsuits and compromising of patients’ personal information. In the case of target, had the situation been handled properly and the security system been utilized, it could have prevented the significant leaking of data. In a journal by Espenchied (2012) of Microso ft, Operation Buckshot Yankee took almost 14 months to clean up from Department of Defense and Pentagon networks. In all of these situations damages would not only cause significant monetary damage, but also damage the reputation of the data holder. For companies like Target, fixing the damages caused has resulted in an estimated $61 million in expenses and 9 lawsuits according to Riley, Elgin, and Matlack (2014). Had they acted quickly, these damages as well as damage to their reputation could have been minimized. Conclusion In conclusion to these findings, I would like to stress the importance of proper continued training of employees in any type of computer related job, as proper use of computer systems is the best method of preventing such events from occurring. Though proper training can be expensive, it can end up saving more money as well as reputation of the company as exampled given in each situation mentioned. Though the U.S. government has a highly sophisticated and expensive cyber security system, it was compromised by a simple mistake. The importance of due diligence and due care is extremely relevant to Operation Buckshot Yankee, as had the zero source individual been informed, they would have considered the mysterious flash drive a threat, and would not have compromised the system by carelessly using it. Because of how difficult it is to find and hold any party responsible in the domain of cyberspace, the best preventative measure is to make sure that your systems are not exposed to internal threats. Most threats from outside can be filtered with hardware and software, but inside threats are the largest problem. As described by Wilshusen (2013), user error is the leading known cause of cyber incidents in federal agencies at 20%, followed by malicious code at 18% also due to user carelessness; with direct threats such as unauthorized access and probing last at 17% and 7% respectively. The personal example I had given in my place of employment is another example of an insider threat compromising the network due to user misuse and carelessness. The only solution to keeping U.S. cyberspace safe is by ensuring that all hardware and software systems are up to date with current threats, and properly maintained in addition to informed system users. By regulating who has access to data resources, and making sure they are trained to the necessary level of knowledge, we can prevent these future mistakes from happening, and minimize possible damages due to data loss. These concepts apply not only in a government setting, but apply to use at work and even on our personal computers at home. Keeping cyberspace safe is the responsibility of all computer users, and is of utmost importance in this era where we are so dependent on computers. References Beidleman, Lt. Cl. Scott W. DEFINING AND DETERRING CYBER WAR†, (2009): 1-40 Espenchied,J.A. (2012). A Discussion of Threat Behavior: Attackers Patterns. Goodin, D. (2010, August 25). Pentagon confirms attack breached classified network †¢ The Register. Retrieved from http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/08/25/military_networks_breached/ Harris,S., Kumar,P.V. (2013). CISSP all-in-one exam guide, sixth edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lynn, W. J. (2010, October). Defending a New Domain | Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66552/william-j-lynn-iii/defending-a-new- domain Nakashima, E. (2011, December 8). Cyber-intruder sparks response, debate The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national- security/cyber-intruder-sparks-response-debate/2011/12/06/gIQAxLuFgO_story.html Nakashima, E. (2010, August 24). Defense official discloses cyberattack. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2010/08/24/AR2010082406495.html Ponemon Institute (2012, May 24). Infosecurity Cybercrime costs companies an average of $214,000 per attack. Retrieved from http://www.infosecurity- magazine.com/view/25966/cybercrime-costs-companies-an-average-of-214000-per- attack/ Richards, J. (2009). Denial-of-Service: The Estonian Cyberwar and Its Implications for U.S. National Security. Retrieved from http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/65 Riley,M., Elgin,B., Matlack,C. (2014, March 13). Target Missed Warnings in Epic Hack of Credit Card Data Businessweek. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-03- 13/target-missed-alarms-in-epic-hack-of-credit-card-data Wilshusen, G. C. (2013). CYBERSECURITY. A Better Defined and Implemented National Strategy Is Needed to Address Persistent Challenges, 36. Wilson, G. C. (2013). CYBERSECURITY. A Better Defined and Implemented National Strategy Is Needed to Address Persistent Challenges, 36
Wednesday, November 13, 2019
John Quincy Adams Essay -- essays research papers
John Quincy Adams was a major influence in the history of the United States. John Quincy took part in more important events, and held more important positions than any person in United States history. Some of the important positions he held were he was American Ministers to four different European Countries (Hague, Prussia, Russia and England), a State Senator representing Massachusetts, peace negotiator to England, a member of the House of Representatives, Secretary of the State, and President of the United States. John Quincy followed in the footsteps of his father John Adams, when he became President of the United States, but both father and son failed to win their second term as President. Although he had many successes he viewed himself as a disappointment. He did have many accomplishments during his career, but he also had a few downfalls and failures during his career. John Quincy was not the most liked person in the country, but he stood up for what he thought and believed in . There was a time in the early stage of John Quincy Adams' career when he was a Senator, when many Senators careers would end because they did not follow the thought of their constituents. By this time Senate was to be a more executive council than a legislative body. If they became more of a executive council they would help advise the President. Senate was an executive council to the President for a while, until the Federalist Party didn't agree on foreign policy, and many more polit...
Monday, November 11, 2019
Does Population Growth Affect Economic Growth? Essay
Population growth has its own effects on economic growth of a country, which can be negative or positive first we will look in to the negatively effecting factors of population growth: 1) Due to increase in Population Consumption Increases, which will decrease, GNP/GDP and Imports will increase and Exports Fall down Budget Defect is the result and the prices mount high. 2) Miss Use OR Over use of Natural Resources. Due to increase in population Man to Land Ratio decreases. As land is inelastic, one cannot increase the amount or supply of land. 3) Raw-Material or Primary Goods are used or processed directly or indirectly which produce finished goods and yield residues some of it is recycled and some is disposed to nature, which effects it negatively. Therefore, when more and more people depend on land there are more chances of the damage accruing to ecosystem. 4) Effect on PCI, if the population growth does not match the labor force there is a negative effect on PCI. 5) Population Growth and Standard of Living, as increase in population leads to more consumption. ALTERNATIVELY, there are more mouths to feed which effects the standard of living. 6) Population and Agriculture, the pressure on land increases and increase disguised unemployment. 7) Population and employment, unemployment increases due to increase in population. 8) Population and Social infrastructure, pressure increases, as one Doctor has to attend more and more patients similarly in other fields also. 9) Population Increase decreases Capital Formation. 10) Population Increase results in Brain Drain. 11) Population Increase negatively effects Environment as urban slums increase.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Anna Freud, Founder of Child Psychoanalysis
Anna Freud, Founder of Child Psychoanalysis Anna Freud was the daughter of Sigmund Freud. While her father was a giant in the field of psychology, Anna Freud was an accomplished psychologist in her own right. She was the founder of child psychoanalysis and extended and further refined her father’s ideas about defense mechanisms. Fast Facts: Anna Freud Known For: Founding child psychoanalysis and work on ego’s defense mechanismsBorn: December 3, 1895 in Vienna, AustriaDied: October 9, 1982 in London, EnglandParents: Sigmund Freud and Martha BernaysKey Accomplishments: Chairman of the Vienna Psycho-Analytic Society (1925-1928); Honorary President of the International Psychoanalytical Association (1973-1982); Founder of the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic (1952, now known as the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families) Early Life Anna Freud was born in 1895 in Vienna, Austria. She was the youngest of six children born to Sigmund Freud and his wife, Martha Bernays. She did not have a good relationship with her mother and was distant from her five siblings, especially her sister Sophie, who she felt was a rival for her father’s attention. However, she was close to her father. Sigmund Freud, fourth from left, sits at an elegant dining table with the rest of his family, including his daughter Anna, far right. Corbis/VCG via Getty Images / Getty Images Anna Freud graduated from Cottage Lyceum in 1912. While she didn’t go on to higher education, she claimed that she learned more at home from her father and his colleagues than she ever did at school. And, of course, Anna Freud had unparalleled access to information on psychoanalysis, which would eventually enable her to become an important voice in the field. Career In 1917, Anna Freud took a job as a primary school teacher. She also started to undergo psychoanalysis with her father- a practice that would be considered unusual today but was more common at the time. In 1923, Anna Freud started her own psychoanalytic practice focusing specifically on children. This was also the year that her father was diagnosed with cancer and Anna became his caretaker. Shortly afterwards, Anna Freud started teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute. Then in 1927, she became the Secretary for the International Psychoanalytic Association, and in 1935, the director of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute. The following year she published her best-known work, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, which expanded on her father’s ideas about defenses and the ways the ego works to protect itself. In 1938, when the Nazi threat became too great, Anna and Sigmund Freud fled Vienna and settled in London. World War II started there in 1939. Sigmund Freud died a few weeks later. Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) (second right) arrives in Paris after leaving Vienna en route to London, Paris, France, June 1938. He is accompanied by his daughter Anna (1895 - 1982) (left), wife of Prince George of Greece, Marie Bonaparte (1882 - 1962) (second left), and her son Prince Peter of Greece (1908 - 1980) (right). Pictorial Parade / Getty Images During her early years in England, Freud found herself in conflict with Melanie Klein, another psychoanalyst who was also formulating techniques to use with children. Freud and Klein differed on key points about child development, which led to their different approaches to analysis. In order to resolve the disagreement, they engaged in a series of â€Å"Controversial Discussions†that ended with the British Psychoanalytical Society forming training courses for both perspectives. In 1941, Anna Freud opened The Hampstead War Nurseries with her friend Dorothy Burlingham. There, they cared for children who had been separated from their families due to the war and documented the children’s responses to the stress of being separated from their parents. After closing the nursery at the end of the war, Freud founded the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic in 1952. She was its director until her death in London in 1982. Contributions to Psychology Freud was a pioneer of child psychoanalysis. She developed new techniques to help children, as she found they required different psychological treatments than adults. She also pointed out that the symptom’s exhibited by children varied from those displayed by adults. She suggested this was a result of children’s developmental stages. In addition, her work on the ego’s defense mechanisms is still considered seminal. It was a major contribution to both ego psychology and adolescent psychology. Freud said repression, the unconscious suppression of impulses that could be problematic if they were acted upon, was the principle defense mechanism. She also detailed a number of other defense mechanisms, including denial, projection, and displacement. Key Works Freud, Anna. (1936). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense.Freud, Anna. (1965). Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development.Freud, Anna. (1966-1980). The Writing of Anna Freud: 8 Volumes. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Anna Freud Biography (1895-1982).†Verywell Mind, 11 November 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/anna-freud-biography-1895-1982-2795536GoodTherapy. â€Å"Anna Freud (1895-1982).†14 July 2015. https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/anna-freud.htmlSandler, Anna Marie. Anna Freud. British Psychoanalytical Society, 2015. https://psychoanalysis.org.uk/our-authors-and-theorists/anna-freudSmirle, Corinne. Profile of Anna Freud. Psychologys Feminist Voices Multimedia Internet Archive, edited by In A. Rutherford. feministvoices.com/anna-freud/Sigmund Freud Museum. Vita Anna Freud. https://www.freud-museum.at/en/sigmund-and-anna-freud/vita-anna-freud.html Sigmund Freud Museum. Biography Anna Freud. https://www.freud-museum.at/files/inhalte/dokumente/en/anna_freud_biopgraphy_eng_pdf.pdfThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Anna Freud: Austrian-British Psychoanalyst.†Encyclopaedia Britannica, 29 November 2018. https://www.britann ica.com/biography/Anna-Freud
Wednesday, November 6, 2019
photo lab essays
photo lab essays Plant and Animal Interrelationships Purpose- to determine the difference in carbon dioxide taken in between a snail (animal) and a elodea (plant) also to see if a symbiotic relationship is present between these two organisms if so does it relate to photosynthesis in any way. Hypothesis- If a photosynthetic organisms is placed in a lighted area and anther in a dark area then the one in the lighted area is going to take in more Carbon dioxide then the one in the dark area. Materials- the Materials that are needed for this project are as follows. glass test tubes, rubber stoppers, Brothymo to measure the amount of Carbon dioxide present in the test tube blue equates to oxygen yellow is carbon dioxide, snails, Elodea, a lamp preferably florescent or one that mimics the sun, test tube racks, eye dropper, distilled water, scotch tape, sharpie marker, and a dark cabinet. Procedure- before you begin the experiment take some time to discus the relationship between light and photosynthesis, also the by-products of photosynthesis. after an initial discussion proceed to locate the 8 test tubes label them A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, and D2 also fill them most of the way full with distilled water but leave enough room for there to be an air pocket as well as room for the stopper. then add 4 drops of Brothymo to each one of the tubes. Place a rubber stopper on A1 and A2 set one in the test tube rack that is labeled light and one on the one that is labeled dark. these are the two controls in the experiment. then take the two test tubes labeled B1 and B2 and put a snail in each one of the put a stopper on each and place the B1 in the light rack and B2 in the dark one. then take the test tubes labeled C1 and C2 and place a Elodea plant in each one, put the stopper on both and then proceed to place C1 in the light rack and C2 in the dark rack. next take the la st two test tubes and place both a Elodea and a snail in each tube put the rubbe ...
Monday, November 4, 2019
Guarding Efficiency of Emergency Informational Systems to Protect Essay
Guarding Efficiency of Emergency Informational Systems to Protect Citizens - Essay Example With the ever-changing advancements in technology, however, many of its operations, including its 911 operations system, require improvements for efficient communication to adequately accommodate the needs and provide sufficient safety for all citizens. According to former fire Lieutenant Michael Pena, information sharing is an essential component of any rescue operation. Without proper information sharing, a rescue operation could be frustrating (Golden, 2006). Thus, a centralized source of information offers efficient communication, which is critical for the operations of many organizations (ISACA). A centralized source is even more effective when it has the capabilities to quickly relay information to other sources. Of FLPD's three major bureaus, the Support Services Bureau contains The Information Services Division, which handles all communication functions (SafirRosetti, 2006).Within the Information Services Division is the Information Systems Unit (ISU). The ISU is connected to many important systems to support and manage numerous critical functions. For example, the ISU's informational contribution to Florida Crime Information Center Systems adds pertinent information to The National Crime Information Center Systems. The Information Services Division also includes the Public Safety Communications Center, which is responsible for processing incoming calls, dispatching, and teletype (SafirRosetti, 2006). Since 1925, FLPD's communication system has upgraded from one telephone to a center that provides 911 computer and radio communications for approximately 700 police and 300 fire employees (flpd.org). Each year the center handles approximately 500,000 phone calls, which at times require that the dispatcher rely upon information from other informational sources. In response, a dispatcher must evaluate a call before dispatching the appropriate unit. A phone call requiring a police response is entered into the Computer Aided Dispatch System (CAD) before forwarded to the dispatch section. Managed and supported by the ISU, the CAD matches and relays pertinent information. Thus, a dispatcher could consult the ISU via the CAD and warn a responding officer of much need information prior to his or her arrival on a crime scene. Without knowing the priors of a violent criminal from another state, an officer responding to a 911 call would be ill prepared and vulnerable. On the other hand, an aware officer could better assess the criminal and situation and handle them accordingly. Thus, the interconnectivity of systems provides invaluable information and should be preserved and protected. Adequacy in Systems Protection Preservation and protection for vital information is essential. Further, reliability of the information retrieved from the system assures deciding officers and equips them with confidence when making decisions. Faulty information from the system could result in an officer making a grave mistake. In addition, faulty information results in time lost when a department tries to recover from
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Operations Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words
Operations Management - Research Paper Example The aim of this project is to identify key weaknesses in the operations management system of the Religious Health Care, review of literature on the topics, and offer recommendations that the firm could use to improve on its weaknesses. Religious Health Care has been experiencing continual decline in employee morale, which has resulted in reduced quality of services provided to clients; this phenomenon has been blamed on the poor or non-existent sense of leadership in the organization. Junior employees do not have models in the senior employees that they can use as a guide in their careers, or even in the provision of services in Religious Health Care. It is well known that the best way to lead people is by example, and though the firm has elaborate guidelines for the provision of health care, the senior employees do not abide by those guidelines, and junior employees do not see the need for doing so too. Moreover, there seems to be no consequences for not abiding by the company rules; in any case, recruits are not familiarized with these guidelines during induction, and with the passage of time, it is as if these guidelines are non-existent. Communication is another key functional factor that is underrated at Religious Health Care; the firm does not seem to have enough of it. For instance, decisions are made by the management without consulting internal or external stakeholders; which is destructive for the organization since the former are the implementers of company policies and the latter are the recipients of the effects of the implementation of these policies. The management holds meetings with employees only to inform them of decisions that have already been made, making employees, like any other business resources, to be exploited without caring about their feelings or welfare. Religious Health Care has a top-to-bottom management style, whereby employees do not have a role to
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