Life and The Truth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 806 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/01 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Truth Essay Did you like this example? The theme, truth can be deceived depending on the perspective that it it being told from, is revealed in Monster by Walter Dean Myers and The Tale-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan poe, even through the text are structured differently. The reality of truth is based on the narrators perception of the text. The bookMonster by walter Dean Myers is about a 16 year old boy named Steve Harom who is on trial for partaking in a murder and a robbery. Walter Dean Myers writes the book in the form of it being a movie or film script. Some parts of the book add notes that came from Steves diary while the trial was going on. The book is titled, Monster because, that is how the prosecution sees steve as. Steves main objective is to get the prosecution to see that he is not a bad person. On page 82. Of Monster, If the jury sees it as a contest between the defence and the prosecution as to whos lying, theyll vote for the prosecution. The prostuter walks around looking very important. No one is accusing her of being a bad person. Theyre accusing you of being a monster. The jury ask itself, Why should the prosecutor lie? This shows where Steve has to change the prostitution perspective of him. During the story Steve gives us and the prostitution reasons to suspect that he was involved with the murder a nd the robbery. During the trial steve admits that he hates jail so much, to us if he hates jail so much then why would he commit crime that will put him in a place that he hates so much. During the trail, with the prostion way on seeing Steve and teaches Steve about understanding oneself that he now process. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Life and The Truth" essay for you Create order The Tell Tale Heart shows the same conception as the book Monster. The story The Tell- Tale by Edgar Allan Poe is about the narrator who kills an old man because of the color of his eyes freak him out. The narrator objective is to prove that hes not crazy or mad. The olds man eyes were blue and to the narrator this resemble the eyes of a vulture. Then the narrator cuts ups the old man body parts and hides them under the floor in the old man room. The police men then comes to old mans door saying, A schrick had been heard by a neighbor during the night ; suspicion of foul play had been aroused. The narrator lets the policemen in without hesitation and then acts as there nothing wrong, then starts hearing the old man heart beating. This frightens the narrator and confesses because he feels the guilt and snaps and confesses to killing the old man. While the story is going on Allen shows the tension and suspension as the narrator shows different sides of his madness. This show the same conception as monster by the way that the narrator tried to make us see that he is not mad in the beginning but then in the end he proves to us as the reader that yes he is crazy. In paragraph 1 of The Tell Tale the narrator says, How, then, am I mad? Hearken! and observe how healthily how calmly i can tell you the whole story. This shows us how the narrator wants to prove that he is not crazy. Both text, The Tell- Tale and Monster show that,the reality of truth is based on the narrators perception on the story even tho the text are structured differently. Monster is set up as a scripted text, this helps Steve separate himself from what the prosecution and the gurly have to say about him. In The Tell-Tale Heart the narrator tries to make himself and the reader that hes not crazy and tells us what happens exactly throughout the story. Thats why the story shows a lot of repetition throw out the story, I undid the lantern cautiously -oh, so cautiously cautiously. In Monster, Walter tries tricking us into making us believe that that steve isnt what the prosecution say he is. In the Tell-Tale Heart, the narrator tricks himself into think that hes not crazy but we can see that is is because he cut up an innocent old man and put his body under the olds man floor. This shows that truth of something is is only based on whos telling the story or situation. Both of the stories show that whoever is telling it will be there truth of the story. The Tell-Tale Heart show that the narrator is crazy and what happened wasnt really what had happen. This ties into the clam the reality of truth is based on the narrators perspective. The narrators of both stories tell the story from there point of view.

The Test of Time BMWs Ethical Dilemmas Over History Essays

This Research paper reports on the ethics of BMW through its history starting from 1916 to present time of 2013. It shows the progression of BMW’s ethical dilemmas of having prisoners of war and concentration camp workers, allegation of bribery, to its racial discrimination. And the changes that where implemented that led them to be on Ethisphere Institutes top 100 list of the Worlds Most Ethical Companies for 2009. Such changes such as new management, changing conduct codes, improving environmental awareness, and ethics programs to insure no reoccurring incidents. Bayerische Flugzeugwerke Werke (BFW) was founded on March 7th, 1916. At this time BFW was making parts for trains and retro-fitting planes with their revolutionary engines.†¦show more content†¦With substantial wealth, and having the previous knowledge of building planes Hitler gave Gà ¼nther the title of â€Å"Wehrwirtschafts fà ¼hrer† (Military and Economic leader). By the early 40’s BMW was now devoting its resources almost exclusively to building aircraft engines for the German Air Force, as well as chemicals and batteries. To help with such a work load â€Å"Quandt factories employed 50,000 slave laborers to churn out weapons and ammunition for the Nazis during World War Two, making the family very rich† (Fiona). Many ended up dyeing from terrible work conditions. Alongside with Porsche, BMW helped to create a new peoples car called Volkswagen, just one of the few projects entrusted to BMW by Hitler himself. This kept production up and the financ ial stability at an extraordinary high. After the war was over BMW’s head factory was destroyed by US troops, having all machinery dismantled and sold for scrap. With no longer factories to produce, and all machinery confiscated. BMW went into a financial hole. This left Gà ¼nther and the rest of his family in a very tight spot, and it did not look good for BMW. As the Quandt family fought the allegation after the war, they did what they could to keep BMW going. They were left making kitchen and garden equipment. It was not till 1948 that BMW was scraped up enough lose materials they were able to make their new much sought after one cylinder motorcycles. The GermanShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesBalance Work–Life Conflicts 21 †¢ Creating a Positive Work Environment 22 †¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture AffectRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesin mathematics and, while acquiring graduate degrees at the University of Iowa, concentrated on statistics, computer programming, psychometrics, and test development. Currently, he divides his duties between teaching and evaluation; in addition to teaching, he is the assessment facilitator for the Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Community Schools. In his spare time he enjoys reading and hiking. He and his wife have a daughter, Anna, who is a graduate student in Civil Engineering at Cal Tech. JAY DEVORE earnedRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesorganizations compete Identifying competitors’ objectives Identifyin g competitors’ likely response profiles Competitor analysis and the development of strategy The competitive intelligence system The development of a competitive stance: the potential for ethical conflict Summary CONTENTS vii Stage Two: Where do we want to be? Strategic direction and strategic formulation 7 Missions and objectives 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Learning objectives Introduction The purpose of planning Establishing

The Attention Deficit Disorder Controversy Free Essays

Attention Deficit Disorders have become a very highly controversial topic during the last decade. Attention Deficit Disorder, also known as ADD, is a broad, almost generic term for the different types of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders. The Diagnostic and Statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association offers us this definition: â€Å"ADHD is a disorder that can include a list of nine specific symptoms of inattention and nine symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity. We will write a custom essay sample on The Attention Deficit Disorder Controversy or any similar topic only for you Order Now † In addition, the Concise Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia provides this interpretation: † (a) chronic, neurologically based syndrome, characterized by any or all of three types of behavior: hyperactivity, distractibility, and impulsivity. Unlike similar behaviors caused by emotional problems or anxiety, ADHD does not fluctuate with emotional states. † About 1-3% of the school aged population has the full ADHD syndrome, without symptoms of other disorders. Another 5-10% have partial ADHD syndrome with one or more other problems, such as anxiety or depression. CHADD) Gender and age affect the way the patients display their symptoms. Boys are more likely to have the disorder than girls. The symptoms of ADHD usually decrease with age, but those symptoms related with other similar disorders are said to increase with age. 30-50% of children with ADHD may display symptoms, although often times less ADHD may be observed in children before the age of four, but it†s signs are often missed until the child begins school. ADHD is often accompanied by learning difficulties, excessive physical activity, impulsive actions, nattention and social inappropriateness. Many of the children affected by ADHD exhibit a low threshold for frustration, which predisposes them to uncontrollable tantrums, and inability to concentrate in a controlled setting, such as a classroom. The behavioral symptoms associated with ADHD must last more than six months to be diagnosed as an attention disorder, although, it is not uncommon for medical doctors promote the idea of office diagnosis. Diagnosis of ADHD syndrome in a doctor†s office however, presents an evaluation in a controlled environment, which are subject to rror. Office diagnosis entails a child being put in a observation room, usually alone, which enable the doctor to observe their behavior. This observation does not produce accurate results due to the fact that the environment is not one of which the child frequently has problems in. Frequently the behaviors of children affected by ADHD will parallel those of a normal child, other times, the child can be uncontrollable. Most children with ADHD have problems with interacting with other children or when asked to omplete a task, especially if additional distractions are present. More frequently, children suspected of having ADHD are evaluated by their intellectual, academic, social and emotional functioning. The evaluation often includes input from the child†s teacher(s), parent(s), and others adults that frequently interact with the child. There are questionnaires that will rate the child behavior that are often used by the parents and teacher of the child. (See Addendum 1) Being that the behavior must last for at least six months, a log of behavior is also encouraged to be kept. ADHD — Combined type is defined by an individual meeting both sets of attention and hyperactive/impulsive criteria. ADHD — Not otherwise specified is defined by an individual who demonstrates some characteristics but an insufficient number of symptoms to reach a full diagnosis. These symptoms, however, disrupt Although we mostly hear of children having the disorder, many adults are also affected by ADHD. Adults often try and shape their lifestyles to compensate their abilities by seeking jobs in fields that: do not require long periods of focused attention, allow them the freedom to move about, do not equire close attention to detail, etc. (Wender, 15) In adults, their are greater problems with stress, which lead to greater expressed emotions. Other psychiatric disorders, known as comorbidity, are also found in ADHD patients. Oppositional Defiant Disorder , Conduct Disorder, and Learning Disorders can confuse the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD. These disorders display similar characteristics and can be negatively influenced if the patient is treated for disorders they do not have. Treatment of ADHD is often done through behavior management, parent training, psychiatric treatment, educational intervention and psychostimulant medications. The combination of medication and psychosocial intervention is called multimodality treatment. 70-80% of children treated with ADHD respond positively to psychostimulants. Medications primarily used in treatment include Ritalin (methylphenidate), which is the most commonly prescribed, Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine), and Cylert (pemoline). (CHADD) The most common side effects of these are loss of appetite, loss of weight, and problems with falling asleep. The loss of appetite typically lasts while the drug is working, and after it has worn off, the patients hunger returns, often stronger. Weight loss occurs rarely, and fter research, growth is not revealed to be affected. Insomnia and sleeping problems are mainly credited to doses taken too late in the day. It is common practice to give the last dose no later than 4:00 p. m. (Diller, 263) Ritalin, which is a stimulant, confuses many people on why it is used to treat ADHD patients. The reasoning is that ADHD patients have a chemical imbalance within their brains, which causes Amphetamines, such as Ritalin, to have a reverse, typically calming affect. These effects allow the patient to concentrate more and interact better with others. Schools are developing better programs to aid children with attention eficit disorders. IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Act) and ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) ensure that students with all types of disabilities, including ADHD, receive a free and appropriate education. ADHD students have an IEP (Individualized Educational Program) which can result in placement in resource or SDC (Special Day) classes. IEP†s involve the child†s parent(s), teacher(s), school psychologist, and even a school administrator. The IEP†s provide the student†s current level of performance, a plan of educational goals, both long and short term, and how these goals The prognosis with children affected by ADHD is encouraging, especially for those whose symptoms are identified early and treated accordingly. Many children can cope with their disorder and become productive members of society. Untreated cases of ADHD can lead to failure in school and emotional and social difficulties, which puts them at a disadvantage compared to their peers. Numerous studies are underway and will hopefully produce more answers and a better understanding of the American Psychiatric Association. The Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Psychiatric Diagnoses. How to cite The Attention Deficit Disorder Controversy, Essay examples

Individualized Care Recovery Of Patients †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Individualized Care Recovery Of Patients? Answer: Introduction: Nurses play a critical role in individualized care and recovery of patients. Systematically prepared care plan is the right means of guidance for them to meet specific health care needs of patient and manage their critical conditions. Assessment of activities of daily living is also an important action before preparing care plan. It helps to determine the level of support and assistance needed by patients while under care (Howatson-Jones et al. 2015). This meticulous process of assessment of patient condition and planning care is described in this report through the case of Kyle. Kyle is a 2 year old male admitted to the paediatric ward with whopping cough. The main symptoms observed in patient includes rhinorrhea, red blood shot eyes and repetitive forceful coughs. In relation to the patients conditions, the report specifically provides an overview about changes in the activity of living of breathing and controlling body temperature due to whooping cough and how the assessment relat ed to the changes can be done. Furthermore, the assessment process guides in determining the type of treatment needed for each symptom. Secondly, the report identifies one clinical issue related to breathing and the nursing strategies and evaluative measures needed to address the issue. On the whole, the report develops understanding regarding the critical elements of care and nursing process followed for implementation of care. Discussion of activities of daily living related to the case study (breathing and controlling body temperature): Kyle has been admitted in hospital due to whooping cough. It is a condition in which a person experiences long burst of cough due to infection in the nose, throats and lungs. The infection is mainly caused by the bacterium, Bordetella pertusis (Giayetto et al. 2017). Small children like Kyle face difficulty due to several coughing spells and breathing difficulty. This causes great distress to children and affects their activities of living particularly breathing and controlling body temperature (Shields and Thavagnanam 2013). Affect on activities of living(AoL) due to whooping cough: Breathing difficult in children with whooping cough is seen as a result of the action of the bacteria Bordetella pertusis. It leads to the production of toxin after the bacteria attaches to the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cells. This results in inflammation of the respiratory tract and disrupts clearing of the pulmonary secretion (Kilgore et al. 2016). This ultimately has an impact on the activities of living of breathing and children like Kyle experience breathing problem and regular spells of cough. During bout of cooking, the face turns red and attempts to breath lead to production of whooping sound. In some children, the breathing also stops at the end of a coughing bout and they go pale for sometime. It resumes again making child go pale for some time. In relation to of the AoL of controlling body temperature, this is altered significantly due to whooping cough. The infecting bacteria affect the lining of the airways and in the first stage, mild cough and slightly high temperature is seen. Secondly, in the paroxysmal stage (main coughing stage) too, fever is seen with bouts of intense coughing (Kline et al. 2013). Fever is an adaptive response to inflammation in the respiratory tract. Schell-Chaple et al. (2015) also points to the body temperature abnormalities in patients with respiratory distress Nursing assessment for the two identified AoL: The first step for assessment of AoL of breathing difficulty in Kyle is observation of breathing pattern. The signs of increased work of breathing and wheezing sound indicates ineffective breathing pattern in patients. Children like Kyle may engage in frantic exhaling and inhaling activities. To detect alterations in breathing patterns, the nurse can do the following assessment: Assessment of respiratory rate, rate and depth of breathing Assessment of ABG levels and oxygen saturation level Assessment of breathing pattern and rate and depths of respiration Regularly checking the children for shortness of breath is important Nurse can also look for level of accessory muscle use and skin color to determine the level of difficulty in breathing Listening to breathing sounds such as whooping or wheezing sound is also an important assessment as it gives an idea about the cause of breathing problem (Sousa et al., 2015). Measuring body temperature of Kyle is a vital activity to ensure safety and proper care of Kyle. The following nursing assessment is needed to identify this: To regularly obtain baseline temperature of patients and compare them with further recordings To closely observe the child for symptoms of hypothermia or hyperthermia In case of initiation of antimicrobial therapy, nurse should regular observe for adverse signs and symptoms Treatment of symptoms in Kyle for each AoL: To manage breathing difficulty faced by Kyle, the nurse can provide the following treatment and intervention: The first step is to reduce respiratory distress in patient by providing antibiotics and respiratory medications as per physicians order. Generally, erythromycin family of antibiotics is given for 2 weeks. Secondly, regular observation of vital signs, respiratory status and pulse oximetry is needed to manage adverse issues instantly. Supportive care is also needed to remove thick secretions from the throat and nasal passage of Kyle Rapid active bronchodilator should be given for wheezing sounds and the child should be observed after every three hours for signs of improvements or complications (World Health Organization 2013). Nursing treatment for body temperature are: If Kyle had fever then paracetamol and antipyretic medications should be provided Environmental factors of Kyle like room temperature and body temperature should be adjusted. In case of fever, nurse should maintain adequate food intake in patient (Wang et al. 2014) Nursing care plan: Considering the current symptoms of Kyle, the major clinical issue in the child is his paroxysmal cough. This is making him lethargic and apathetic. The repetitive bout of cough is seen in the paroxysmal stage where series of cough is followed by sudden inspiration and whooping sound (Hartzell and Blaylock 2014). Children like Kyle stop breathing temporarily and sign of cyanosis is seen during coughing bout. Hence, paroxysmal cough is a factor that affects the AoL of breathing pattern and developing care plan to address this issue is important. The main goal of the care plan will be to reduce bouts of cough in Kyle, observe the severity of cough and breathing difficult, provide a calm environment, adequate rest and maximize nutrition and recovery of the child (Bocka 2017). To prevent the child from additional difficulty, a comprehensive care plan is needed that can address the following: Firstly, during the catarrhal stage of infection, Kyle should be isolated to prevent transmission of infection There is a need to provide restful environment to patient free from dust and smoking so that any incidence of paroxysm is prevented. Proper body alignment of the child should also be maintained to maximize breathing pattern. Humidifying the room promotes clearance of secretion (McNamara et al. 2014). Preventing the child from infection at this stage is important. So, it will be necessary to start antibiotic therapy and regularly observe for signs of airway obstruction by checking vital signs, respiratory rate and pulse oximetry. To reduce breathing problem, the plan is to carefully observe for apnea and cyanosis and provide mechanical ventilation and breathing treatments at the right time (Scanlon et al. 2015). The most important plan for recovery of Kyle would be to provide supportive therapy effectively. This includes all activities to prevent risk and complication in patients. This is dependent on regular observation of patients and monitoring of heart rate, breathing rate and oxygen rate. Adequate sleep periods and rest should be provided to relieve Kyle for distress. Although there is no specific consideration, considering the age of Kyle, he should be given oral feedings or intravenous fluids if oral feeding is not appropriate due to breathing problem. Regular fluid intake and small and frequent feeding is important (Heininger 2010). Improvement in the work of breathing, respiratory rate and breathing sounds can give an indication if the above mentioned care plan was successful for the recovery of Kyle or not. Conclusion: The case analysis of Kyle, a 2 year old child with summarized gave insight into the series of clinical issues faced by children with whooping cough. As the bacteria Bordetella pertusis causes inflammation in the respiratory tract, it disrupts clearance of pulmonary secretions. Due to the pathogenesis of the disease, two AoL was identified to be affected and altered in patient- breathing patterns and control of body temperature. The report discussed how both these AoLs are affected in Kyle. The report provided the idea for nursing assessment needed to identify these alterations. Secondly, in relation to the issue of breathing problem and changes in body temperature, the report gave appropriate treatment options to provide relief to patient. It also reflected on one issue arising due to breathing problem and gave a comprehensive care plan to promote recovery of patient. The key learning from this research is that to prevent complications in patients, it is necessary to start supportive care for patients early to promote recovery and well-being. Reference Bocka, J. 2017.Pertussis Treatment Management: Approach Considerations, Pharmacologic Therapy, Immunization.Emedicine.medscape.com. Retrieved 10 August 2017, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/967268-treatment Giayetto, V.O., Blanco, S., Mangeaud, A., Barbas, M.G., Cudola, A. and Gallego, S.V., 2017. Features of Bordetella pertussis, Bordetella spp. infection and whopping cough in Crdoba province, Argentina.Revista chilena de infectologia: organo oficial de la Sociedad Chilena de Infectologia,34(2), p.108. Hartzell, J.D. and Blaylock, J.M., 2014. Whooping cough in 2014 and beyond: an update and review.Chest,146(1), pp.205-214. Heininger, U., 2010. Update on pertussis in children.Expert review of anti-infective therapy,8(2), pp.163-173. Howatson-Jones, L., Standing, M. and Roberts, S., 2015.Patient assessment and care planning in nursing. Learning Matters. Kilgore, P.E., Salim, A.M., Zervos, M.J. and Schmitt, H.J., 2016. Pertussis: microbiology, disease, treatment, and prevention.Clinical microbiology reviews,29(3), pp.449-486. Kline, J.M., Lewis, W.D., Smith, E.A., Tracy, L.R. and Moerschel, S.K., 2013. Pertussis: a reemerging infection.American family physician,88(8) McNamara, D.G., Asher, M.I., Rubin, B.K., Stewart, A. and Byrnes, C.A., 2014. Heated humidification improves clinical outcomes, compared to a heat and moisture exchanger in children with tracheostomies.Respiratory care,59(1), pp.46-53. Scanlon, K.M., Skerry, C. and Carbonetti, N., 2015. Novel therapies for the treatment of pertussis disease.Pathogens and disease,73(8). Schell-Chaple, H.M., Puntillo, K.A., Matthay, M.A., Liu, K.D. and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network, 2015. Body temperature and mortality in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome.American Journal of Critical Care,24(1), pp.15-23. Shields, M.D. and Thavagnanam, S., 2013. The difficult coughing child: prolonged acute cough in children.Cough,9(1), p.11. Sousa, V.E.C., Lopes, M.V.D.O., Silva, V.M. and Keenan, G.M., 2015. Defining the key clinical indicators for ineffective breathing pattern in paediatric patients: a meta?analysis of accuracy studies.Journal of clinical nursing,24(13-14), pp.1773-1783. Wang, K., Bettiol, S., Thompson, M.J., Roberts, N.W., Perera, R., Heneghan, C.J. and Harnden, A., 2014. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough.The Cochrane Library. World Health Organization, 2013.Pocket book of hospital care for children: guidelines for the management of common childhood illnesses. World Health Organization.

Organizational Development free essay sample

Organizational Developments Purpose and Coherence modern outlook. Introduction A review of traditional and The only constant is change- Heraclites, 6th century B. C. , Greek philosopher. Organizational development has seen dramatic changes from earlier times till now. It has seen different phases in its Journey that started from sasss and is continuing till now. It has been through the phase when it was considered a movement and also the phase when it became unwanted in the organization. ODD has struggled hard to keep its significance alive in organizations and answer back to people raising questions to its effectiveness. But this struggle of ODD to increase its effectiveness by incorporating many other values to the original values, had given it a completely different look than what it was at the time of its birth. These changes and improvements have given a challenge to researchers to recognize ODD. This has also put a big question in front of all that Has ODD lost its sense of purpose and coherence? In this essay, firstly different arguments made by researchers about Odds origin, its values, how and why it changed and what it is now will be presented. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Development or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This will be followed by a discussion that will answer the question about Odds purpose and coherence and finally, a conclusion will be drawn on the basis of the discussions done. Literature review Odds history roots back to sasss, when few of its values were used without the ID label attached to it (Greener and Cummings, 2004). Cummings and Worker (2001) believe that ODD emerged from five major background- laboratory training, Action research/survey feedback, participative management, quality of work life and strategic change, the last two being very new concepts of ODD. However, the fundamental concept of ODD is based on Kurt Linens work of planned change (Burners, 2009). Many researchers and practitioners have continuously contributed to ODD practices to give it new dimensions. However, most of the work could be related to Kurt Linens Action Research Model, the three step model and phases of planned change model (Burners, 1996). While some scholars pursued a micro-psychological approach, others went in a macro-organizational direction and added values to ODD like achievement of self actualization, openness, personal recognition, less dogmatic approach to psychotherapy, organization wide participation of individuals and leadership which they thought will lead to organizational effectiveness (Greener and Cummings, 2004). The continuous contribution to the researchers and practitioners gave rise to traditional ODD values by which it tried to address the issue of stagnation and resistance to change, its causes and how resistance can be overcome (Workman, 2010). Operas and Bradford (2004) have stated that the traditional ODD model believed that physiologically healthier people will work better leading to a more effective and successful organization and therefore, ODD tried to make people more self competent, more self aware, less defensive, accept feedback, listen better, more empathetic, share power, thereby helping people work better in groups, find out better solutions and do better decision making. These changes in people were generally done by the change agents who used to follow a process that involves diagnosis of the problem, action, evaluation and further action and evaluation and self sustaining of the change in collaboration with the organization (Burners, 1996). Thus, Backyard (1969) fines that ODD is an effort l)planned ,2)organization-wide and 3)managed from the top, to 4) increase organization effectiveness and health through planned interventions in the organizations processes using behavioral science knowledge. By the sasss and sasss ODD became self confident and dynamic (Grieves, 2000, p. 345). However, the growing enthusiasm of ODD didnt last long and during the late sasss and sasss ODD became a bad word in many companies and continues to be the same now also (Greener and Cummings, 2004). Operas and Bradford (2004) support this by saying ODD groups in organization did not reduce a lot of lasting changes that people could point out. Research says that ODD does not exist in 9% of the organizations and they use alternative terms like organizational effectiveness (Wackiest and Church, n. D. ). The question that arises is what happened to ODD in late sasss and sasss that it started losing its significance. In late sasss there were many criticisms made to ODD values. Greener and Cummings (2004) have pointed some of them like ODD values saw only human side I. E. Changing the individual and group behavior and overlooked Organizations strategy, control and structure. It also overemphasized on interpersonal values like openness and trust to change the informal culture of the organization on the expenses of effectiveness of the organization and tried to apply team work and openness to organizations that did not require so much of these values for its effective performance (Greener and Cummings 2004). In addition to these, Burners (1996) says that ODD did not look towards the political aspects. Furthermore, it did not analyze the compatibility of behavioral change with the strategy and culture of the organization (Greener and Cummings, 2004). These views have been complemented by Burners (1996, p. 86) who says it assumed that one type of approach to change is suitable for all organizations, all situations and all time. Adding to this, Operas and Bradford (2004) say that the change agents became like child with ODD as a hammer and who saw every problem as a nail and tried to fix it with the hammer. Still the question stays If these were the issues then why was ODD a success in sasss and why not now? Operas and Bradford (2004) point out that Organization to 1 s nave transformed themselves trot stable to unstable organizations with more mergers, acquisitions and globalization. The continuous hang in economic conditions, new technology and change in workforce are placing high demands on the organizations to change accordingly (Greener and Cummings, 2004). To meet the demands placed, organizations can make their suppliers their partners, customers their competitors, employees can become customers, suppliers or competitors, making the business environment highly complex (Burners, 1996). In this complex environment, it is also important for ODD to think that People change their behavior as a result of changes in the environment in which they work (Operas and Bradford 2004, p. 395). Neumann et al. 1999) believes that ODD practitioners have to think of structural changes (e. G. Organizational design) also. However, the change agents without realizing this, continued the same way of using the traditional ODD values to solve the problems of present organizations which were a lot different from those of sasss and hence, the results were not achieved (Operas and Bradford, 2004). To address the critics and to become effective in present organizations, a group of ODD practitioners emerged known as adapters who changed their thinking about how to intervene in an organization (Greener and Cummings, 2004). They used the emergent approach of ODD that took a broader understanding of problems and practice of managing change within a complex environment and observed that successful change is less dependent on detailed plans in a complex environment (Burners, 1996). Moreover, in turbulent times consultants should use a model of change that is situational and that indicates how to vary change strategies to achieve optimum fit with the changing environment (Burners, 1996). Furthermore, the change agents have to have more practical and theoretical insight to know what can be actually changed by their intervention (Institutors and Simian, 2010). Therefore, the consultants are no more using the same old ODD models which were more of a step by step approach, rather they are utilizing their own experiences of knowing what techniques will work in what situations depending on the culture and strategy of the organization (Bogged, 2002). The adaptive ODD practitioners started focusing on strategy, structure, work design, human resource practices and organization learning by which they could cope up with the organizational uncertainty (Burners, 1996). Newer ODD started utilizing reengineering efforts to make different tools available to employees for continuous improvement, use lean and flexible structure that enabled the organization to respond to changing condition (Greener and Cummings, 2004). But, many old ODD practitioners feel that to be relevant to real business issues like downsizing etc, ODD have neglected many fundamental values of its field that are integral to community like the organization-individual interface, the development of people, trust, inter- organizational relations etc (Burke, 1997). To make the changes effective, consultants also looked at the financial, political, technical and other factors affecting the business environment (Bradford and Burke, 2004). Thus values of business efficiency, expediency and short term gain have overridden original ODD values of involvement, trust and openness (Greener and Cummings, 2004). Burners (2009) adds that for ODD to maintain its relevance, it had to shift to an organization-wide transformation approach trot a group-based planned approach, thereby moving away trot its core humanist and democratic values. Greener and Cummings (2004), Operas and Bradford (2004) and Bradford and Burke (2004) feel that a broader view of changing organization, making the change open ended and using various other change sequences along with ODD for business effectiveness has today changed ODD completely and made the boundaries of ODD complex and blurred, thereby putting a serious question of what ODD is today? ODD now lacks a central, agreed upon theory of change or even approach to change now (Bradford and Burke, 2004). Operas and Bradford (2004) although agree to the fact that the values of ODD are important but say that ODD is irrelevant now as he believes ODD is everything so ODD is nothing. ODD, to address all the problems of the organization has added a lot to its boundaries and become irrelevant (Operas and Bradford, 2004). However, ODD has high potential to look for negotiation, mediation and conflict management issues to create a humane, productive and sustainable enterprises in 21st century (Burke,1997; Wringers et al. 2007). But, for this ODD has to stop weakening its discipline and has to define its boundary soon (Bradford and Burke, 2004; Leverages, 2010). Discussions From the literature review it can be observed that traditional ODD had very specific values which were more based on humanist and democratic values and had a planned way of approach. It was based on openness, trust, people having good legislations etc. Thus, the change agents thought how to change peoples behavior in a planned way so that they dont resist to the changes, become satisfied, work better both as individual and in group and hence organizational effectiveness will be achieved. Also as Burners (2009) points out change approach was limited to the group and not the organization as a whole. But, this could not be effective in todays organizations. With globalization, mergers and acquisitions the business environment has become very unstable, uncertain and the relationships have become very complex. The consultants need to understand the business environment and the situation before thinking of any intervention. The intervention done for a problem in Organization A might not be successful for the same problem in organization B because of cultural differences, internal and external politics and differences in the organizations overall strategy. But, the traditional ODD did not take into account all these factors and tried to address all the problems of the organization by changing individual and group behavior, overlooking the other aspects like strategy, politics, and culture of the organizations. Therefore, traditional ODD could no longer be successful. These problems led the ODD consultants to make it flexible rather than a planned approach and organization wide approach rather than a group approach. They started to develop interventions that would suit the culture, the structure and the strategy of the organizations. They also started using approaches like downsizing and reengineering which have values strikingly different than that of the traditional ODD values. As Greener and Cummings (2004) state that business efficiency and snort term gains (business profits) became more important Han Odds core values of trust, involvement etc. Moreover traditional ODD was people biased while the new ODD is more inclined towards the strategic broader view of the organization and thus cannot maintain those values which were more human based (people oriented). Thus new ODD practitioners in the thirst of making ODD self sufficient to solve all the problems of the present organizations have constantly increased its boundary to make it a organization wide approach and had made ODD to travel in a direction which is strikingly different from its original direction. This has put a fear that ODD might come too point where no one will recognize it and it will be also hard for ODD to come back to its starting point. Conclusion ODD is no more specific about its values and is no more a planned way of approach. It has transformed itself from a rigid approach to a flexible approach. It is no more people biased rather it has incorporated many other aspects of the business environment to be successful in solving the issues that the organizations are facing. In this process of designing the interventions based on the strategy of the organization, it has not only lost its traditional values, its original purpose and coherence but also is on a verge of losing its identity. However, a proper definition of ODD and strengthening of its values can help gain back its significance in the present scenario. Otherwise, ODD will completely lose its significance from the organizations and will soon see its values being used under some other label leading to non existence of ODD.

More Than, As Often As...These Are Comparative Adverbs

More Than, As Often As...These Are Comparative Adverbs Comparative adverbs express relative superiority or inferiority. Superiority, the idea that something is more or (greater) than something else, is expressed with plus in French. Inferiority, meaning that something is less than something else, is stated with moins. You can also express equality with comparatives, to state that something is as (great) as something else; in French, there are two possible equivalents to this: aussi and autant. French Comparatives 1. In French comparatives, you use stressed pronouns after que, rather than subject pronouns. For example, Il est plus grand que moi Hes taller than me.2. Comparative adverbs are most commonly used with adjectives, but you can also use them with adverbs, verbs, and nouns. These comparisons have slightly different constructions for each part of speech. Click in the summary table below for detailed lessons. Construction of  French Comparative Adverbs Comparisons with... Required word order Adjectives plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que + noun/pronoun plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que + adjective plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que + temporal adverb Adverbs plus/moins/aussi + adverb + que + noun/pronoun plus/moins/aussi + adverb + que + adverb plus/moins/aussi + adverb + que + temporal adverb Nouns plus/moins/autant de + noun + que + noun/pronoun plus/moins/autant de + noun + que + de + noun plus/moins/autant de + noun + que + temporal adverb Verbs verb + plus/moins/autant que + noun/pronoun verb + plus/moins/autant que + pronoun (+ ne) + verb verb + plus/moins/autant que + temporal adverb    When comparing with adjectives, use plus (adjective) que for superiority, moins (adjective) que for inferiority, and aussi (adjective) que for equality.Adjective: vert (green)  Ã‚  Ã‚  plus vert (greener)  Ã‚  Ã‚  moins vert (less green)  Ã‚  Ã‚  aussi vert (as green)Like all adjectives, the adjectives used in comparatives have to agree with the nouns that they modify, and therefore have different forms for masculine, feminine, singular, and plural. The comparative itself, however, is invariable:Masculine singular  Ã‚  Ã‚  plus vert (greener)  Ã‚  Ã‚  moins vert (less green)  Ã‚  Ã‚  aussi vert (as green)Feminine singular  Ã‚  Ã‚  plus verte (greener)  Ã‚  Ã‚  moins verte (less green)  Ã‚  Ã‚  aussi verte (as green)Masculine plural  Ã‚  Ã‚  plus verts (greener)  Ã‚  Ã‚  moins verts (less green)  Ã‚  Ã‚  aussi verts (as green)Feminine plural  Ã‚  Ã‚  plus vertes (greener)  Ã‚  Ã‚  moins vertes (less green)  Ã‚  Ã‚  aussi vertes (as green)Note: The above i s true for all adjectives except bon and mauvais, which have special comparative forms for superiority. Types of Comparisons with Adjectives 1. Compare two nouns with one adjective.  Ã‚  Ã‚  David est plus fier que Jeanne.  Ã‚  Ã‚  David is prouder than Jeanne.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne est moins fià ¨re que David.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne is less proud than David.2. Compare one noun with two adjectives.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean est aussi riche que travailleur.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean is as rich as (he is) hard-working.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne est plus sympa quintelligente.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne is nicer than (she is) smart.3. Compare an adjective over time.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean est moins stricte quavant.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean is less strict than before.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne est aussi belle que toujours.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne is as beautiful as ever. Note: You can also make an implied comparison to any of the above by leaving out que.  Ã‚   Jean est plus grand.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean is taller.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne est moins fià ¨re.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne is less proud. When comparing with adverbs, use plus (adverb) que for superiority, moins (adverb) que for inferiority, and aussi (adverb) que for equality.Adverb: prudemment (carefully)  Ã‚  Ã‚  plus prudemment (more carefully)  Ã‚  Ã‚  moins prudemment (less carefully)  Ã‚  Ã‚  aussi prudemment (as carefully)Note: The adverb bien has a special comparative form when expressing superiority. Types of Comparisons with Adverbs 1. Compare two nouns with one adverb.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean lit plus lentement que Luc.     Jean reads more slowly than Luc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne à ©crit moins souvent que Luc.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne writes less often than Luc.2. Compare one noun with two adverbs.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean travaille aussi vite que gentiment.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean works as quickly as (he does) helpfully.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne à ©crit plus soigneusement quefficacement.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne writes more carefully than (she does) efficiently.3. Compare an adverb over time.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean mange plus poliment quavant.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean eats more politely than before.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne parle aussi fort que toujours.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne speaks as loudly as ever.Note: You can also make an implied comparison to any of the above by leaving out que.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean lit plus lentement.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean reads more slowly.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne à ©crit moins souvent.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne writes less often. When comparing with nouns, use plus de (noun) que for superiority, moins de (noun) que for inferiority, and autant de (noun) que for equality.Noun: livre (book)  Ã‚  Ã‚  plus de livres (more books)  Ã‚  Ã‚  moins de livres (fewer books)  Ã‚  Ã‚  autant de livres (as many books) Types of Comparisons with Nouns 1. Compare the amount of a noun between two subjects.      Jean veut autant damis que Luc.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean wants as many friends as Luc (has).  Ã‚  Ã‚  La France a plus de vin que lAllemagne.  Ã‚  Ã‚  France has more wine than Germany.2. Compare two nouns (note that the second noun must also be preceded by de).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean a plus dintelligence que de bon sens.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean has more brains than sense.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne a autant damis que dennemis.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne has as many friends as enemies.3. Compare a noun over time.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean connaà ®t moins de gens quavant.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean knows fewer people than (he did) before.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne a autant didà ©es que toujours.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne has as many ideas as ever.Note: You can also make an implied comparison to any of the above by leaving out que.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean veut autant damis.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean wants as many friends.  Ã‚  Ã‚  La France a plus de vin.  Ã‚  Ã‚  France has more wine. When comparing verbs, use (verb) plus que for superiority, (verb) moins que for inferiority, and (verb) autant que for equality.Verb: voyager (to travel)  Ã‚  Ã‚  voyager plus (to travel more)  Ã‚  Ã‚  voyager moins (to travel less)  Ã‚  Ã‚  voyager autant (to travel as much) Types of Comparisons with Verbs 1. Compare a verb between two subjects.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean travaille plus que Luc.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean works more than Luc (does).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne a à ©tudià © autant que Luc.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne studied as much as Luc (did).2. Compare two verbs.*  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean rit autant quil pleure.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean laughs as much as he cries.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne travaille plus quelle ne joue.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne works more than she plays.*When comparing two verbs, you need:  Ã‚  a) a pronoun referring back to the subject in front of the second verb  Ã‚  b) after plus and moins, the ne explà ©tif before the second verb3. Compare a verb over time.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean lit moins quavant.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean reads less than (he did) before.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne à ©tudie autant que toujours.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne studies as much as always.Note: You can also make an implied comparison to any of the above by leaving out que.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean travaille plus.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jean works more.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne a à ©tudià © autan t.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jeanne a à ©tudià © autant. Additional Resources French comparatives and superlativesIntroduction to comparativesComparatives with adjectivesComparatives with adverbsComparatives with nounsComparatives with verb

Should Parents be Subjected to Licencing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should Parents be Subjected to Licencing - Essay Example In the hands of parents lie their children’s future because how they mold their children will create a great impact on the children’s lives. LaFollette has argued that a license is necessary when the activity to be engaged upon is potentially harmful to others. Much like a driver needs to secure a driver’s license before driving a car because driving is potentially harmful to others, parenting is argued to likewise be potentially harmful to children especially if the parents are not qualified to raise them (183). The second argument for a licensing program for parents is that their competence should be proven in order to ensure a safe performance of their duties as parents (183). What if they are not adept in caring for another individual, especially a young child who is totally dependent on them for all his needs? What if they do not have what it takes to equip the children with the necessary skills to survive when they grow up and go out into the world? What wo uld become of these children? A third argument for licensing is that there should be a reliable procedure for testing such competence (184). LaFollette explains that when the first two arguments are met, that of parenting being potentially harmful indeed to others especially to children, and that the parents’ competence is questionable, then parents become legitimate subjects for licensing. If all three arguments are met, then it becomes imperative to issue licenses to qualified parents. Since children are highly valued by society, their welfare is given utmost consideration. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) declares that "the child, by reason of his physical and mental immaturity, needs special safeguards and care, including appropriate legal protection, before as well as after birth" (Article 2.2), Article 2.2 further details, â€Å"States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that the child is protected against all forms of discrimination or punishment on the basis of the status, activities, expressed opinions, or beliefs of the child's parents, legal guardians, or family members.† This implies that if children are left in the hands of irresponsible parents, then the state will do everything to protect children from any potential harm that may be inflicted by such parents. This is to ensure that they will be kept safe and put in an environment where they can grow and develop into well-adjusted and healthy individuals that can be productive and contributory citizens to society in the future. Studies have shown that children who grew up under abusive or negligent parents have strong tendencies to develop the same behaviors with their own children due to the constant exposure they got when they were young. Anda et al (2005:174) discussed in their study that the traumatic experiences of abused or neglected children often stays on with the victims into adulthood. Some children may never fully recover from the trauma, resulting in lifelong depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. Other individuals may be predisposed to engage in prostitution, pornography, drug abuse, or crime. The long-term consequences of child maltreatment can be so devastating that it has been called "soul murder" (Shengold, 1989:43). In order to prevent this, Article 19 of the UNCRC requires that â€Å"

Factors in Choosing a Quality Lighting Luminary for a Building Assignment

Factors in Choosing a Quality Lighting Luminary for a Building - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that a fluorescent lamp refers to a low-pressure mercury lamp powered by an electric current. In a construction of a fluorescent lamp, a glass tube is filled with a mixture of argon and mercury vapor at low pressure. The inner side of the tube is coated with the phosphoric coating. The basic structure is as in the diagram presented in the paper. When the light is switched on, current flows through the electrodes in the tube and as a result, it passes through the gas which is contained between the electrodes. The current flow results in the emission of Ultraviolet light from the mercury arc which is converted to visible light by the fluorescent coating found on the inner side of the tube. The circuit contains a starter switch (which is a bimetallic strip), an inductor, a small radio suppressor capacitor and a power correction capacitor that is connected to an AC or DC power supply. The power supply provides the necessary current required to op erate the lamp. This type of lamp contains an outer glass envelop that is filled with nitrogen gas. The nitrogen gas acts as a coolant in that it keeps the arc tube at correct temperatures. It also contains a quartz discharge tube which is filled with argon gas and some small amount of mercury which is in liquid form. Either end of the discharge tube contains two electrodes and a secondary electrode which begins the discharge. The secondary electrode is connected in series with a 10 – 30 â„ ¦ resistor. At first, there is no current flow when the lamp is powered on. Then the power supply voltage appears across the main electrode and between one of the mains electrodes and the secondary electrode through the series resistor. Consequently, there is a production of an arc between the secondary and the main electrode resulting in occurrence of ionization. The pressure and the heat build-up results in the formation of more high pressure and vaporized arc between the electrodes.

Transvestic Fetishism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Transvestic Fetishism - Research Paper Example This condition mainly affects the males and females are not known to suffer from it. Frenchman Chevalier d’Eon de Beaumont was suffering from this condition and hence after him this disorder was also given the name of eonism. The patients who suffer from this condition are also known as transvestites (Laws et al 2008 & Zucker et al 1995). The patients who suffer from transvestic fetishism have a tendency to collect the clothing of females which include everyday clothes as well as undergarments and other things that is shoes, socks and nightdresses. They may also like wearing these and then taking their photographs dressed in the female attire. By performing these acts the subject gets sexually aroused and has achieves sexual pleasure. The onset of this condition is mainly after the attainment of puberty and many cases of this condition cannot be reported because transvestites basically perform these acts in private rather than openly. Another important reason behind this is the fact that transvestites are mainly heterosexual and may enjoy normal relationships with women to an extent that they may even be married. Transvestic fetishism patients also have another important characteristic that they show patterns of both male as well as female personality (Laws et al 2008 & Zucker et al 1995). According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, there are four important characteristics which basically define a person as a transvestite. The first characteristic is the finding of the factor of wearing the attire of the opposite sex. The second important finding is the fact that this dressing should be coupled with the attainment of sexual gratification and pleasure. Also this condition is mainly seen in men who are normal biologically and that they are attracted to females that is they are heterosexuals. In the year 2000, The DSM-IV-TR standards for

Operation Buckshot Yankee

Operation Buckshot Yankee Operation Buckshot Yankee: The Primary Point of Weakness By Jeffrey Higa Abstract Operation Buckshot Yankee is a catastrophic event that was a turning point in cyber security for the U.S. government. This incident established the current dominating war fighting domain known as cyberspace and established the need for increased cyber security. I would like to highlight the event known as Operation Buckshot Yankee, how and why it happened, a possible solution that could have prevented this, and similar events synonymous to this situation. I would like to highlight the main point of weakness from my perspective on the situation and propose how this weakness can be strengthened with proper people management and training. I will provide explanations and examples to provide a clear view on how this situation could have possibly be prevented, and statistical data to back up my findings as well as a personal example of a real situation recently occurring in my career. By being able to estimate the possible costs of damages in both monetary and reputational damage caused in these situations, these numbers can prove how valuable data can be and what the costs of a simple mistake such as using a mysterious flash drive can cause. In conclusion, I would like to mention a possible solution to the problem and my personal view on the situation and how it applies to us not only in this event, but also has an impact on our everyday lives in the field of IT and IT security. Essay Operation Buckshot Yankee is based on a cyber security incident which took place in the Middle East in 2008. This cyber attack event was a turning point in the history of U.S. cyber defense, and caused drastic losses of data from secret government databases. Operation Buckshot Yankee was the name of the operation to stop a malicious code that was contained on a flash drive an American soldier found in the Middle East. This flash drive was then inserted by a government employee to a laptop connected to Central Command networks and caused the code to spread throughout classified and unclassified military networks allowing the enemy to steal valuable information on these systems. According to an article by Lynn (2010), U.S. government systems are constantly probed and scanned by adversaries millions of times daily, but this attack was an example of a successful cyber attack. The military lost thousands of data files including weapon and operational plans as well as surveillance data stored on classifieds U.S. networks. Having this incident happen, the government has realized the need for increased cyber security and work to create a secure international network. In response to this attack, the government declared cyberspace as an official war fighting domain, and initiated plans to regulate cyberspace crimes and safety. Up to this attack in 2008, Operation Buckshot Yankee is said to have been the most significant breach of U.S. military computers to date according to an article by Nakashima (2010). According to Lynn (2010) this type of attack is the introduction of a new type of war fighting that opens up the new domain known as cyberspace where traditional war laws do not apply. Cyberspace has now become the primary point of attack, as these types of attacks are relatively inexpensive as they only required trained individuals and computers, rather than large expensive equipment such as tanks and jets. According to another article by Nakashima, the NSA was alerted by a signal in the U.S. system trying to send messages back to the code creator. The NA then found a program that infected their classified network and was sending data out. They sourced the code to the aforementioned thumb drive and found that the code would look for important documents and spread itself to other thumb drives connected to the network. The malicious program was called Agent.btz and infected the host computer and spread over the network to other computers. Any other flash drives connected to already infected computers were then also infected and caused further spread throughout the network. The article also mentions that the code had already been out for months prior to the attack, and was floating around the internet but did not have access to government systems due to them being isolated from the public networks. Due to the government not being able to scan public networks thoroughly, the code was bypass ed until the incident. This situation highlights the danger of insider threats, whether intentional or accidental. In the case of Buckshot Yankee, the carelessness of an individual was the cause of the insider threat which compromised an otherwise secure system isolated from outsider threats. Operation Buckshot Yankee is the planned government operation of shutting down Agent.btz and putting a stop to the stealing of government data. The government analyzed the code and saw that it was looking instructions on what actions to take. The NSA Tailored Access Operations team created a plan to force the code to deactivate itself by sending their instructions for it to shut down. The operation was a success and the instructions were sent out across the network once testing as done, and the malicious code was shut down. Though this code was put to a stop, many important government documents had already been stolen, but the incident was put to a halt. This incident led to the banning of thumb drives on Department of Defense systems as a security measure from preventing a similar incident from happening again. The flash drive was sourced in the Middle East and according to an article by Goodin (2010) the source code was said to have been from Russia but there is no solid evidence directly proving this. The article by Goodin also describes that Government systems are constantly under the threat of cyber attack, and that a dozen computer hackers could drastically cripple U.S. government networks if a network vulnerability is found. This is a perfect example of how drastically times have changed, and that cyberspace is the new arena to commence attacks. According to the article as an example, a dozen people at computers could possibly bring a country down in an extremely cost and labor efficient manner. Losses of life would be minimal for adversaries compared to a kinetic attack, and damages caused could be in the form of disruption o f services or staling of valuable data as described in Buckshot Yankee. A great example of disruption of services would be the event in Estonia as described by Richards (2009). A Distributed Denial of Service attack was launched against Estonia in protest of moving a politically valued statue. These attacks lasted three weeks and were strategically launched targeting banks and other essential services to cripple the technological systems of Estonia. Having essential services shut down can cause chaos and leave a country vulnerable to attacks if an adversary were to take advantage of the situation. Taking that into account, resulting damages of cyber warfare and cyber attacks could essentially have worse effects than kinetic war or possibly result in additional kinetic war. Operation Buckshot Yankee is a perfect example of how battles will most likely be fought in this current era and going into the future. Cyber attacks are en extremely inexpensive and efficient method of causing a significant amount of damage with minimal effort. Due to the nature of cyberspace, attacks are also very difficult to pinpoint and regulate. Traditional laws do not apply here as there are no clear boundaries in the world of cyberspace. As described in an article by Mjr. Gen. Charles J. Dunlap USAF (2009), the definition of cyberspace itself is yet very unclear and undefined. Without proper definition, it is difficult to make accurate laws to apply to this new war fighting domain. The only real protection as mentioned in this article is for nations to take responsibility for their own actions and their citizens. In the case of Operation Buckshot Yankee, this was the unintentional irresponsibility of a U.S. citizen. Due to difficulty in specifically sourcing threats and the l imitless boundaries of cyberspace, it is almost impossible to place blame on a certain country or individual, especially if they are located in another country. As in the case of Buckshot Yankee, though the incident was caused in the Middle East, the code is theoretically sourced from Russia, but there is no way to truly prove it. This brings me to the point that the primary point of any cyber security system is human error. I believe that people cause the most problems in any technology environment regardless of the situation. Computers are controlled by people that cause the problems. Another great and synonymous example is the recent event of credit card information being stolen from Target. An article by Riley, Elgin and Matlack (2014) malware had been installed on Target’s computer system to steal credit card information as it was swiped. Target had installed a detection system by FireEye to detect malware prior to the event happening, but the system was ignored even when alerts were given to the companies’ IT and management. According to the article, about 40 million credit card numbers and 70 million other pieces of information were stolen before the situation was acted upon. This is another prime example of a system working properly but being held back by people. Had this situation been a cted upon as soon as the alert was announced, many peoples’ valuable information would have been saved, and the company would have saved possibly avoidable expenses. As described in a book by Harris,S., Kumar,P.V. (2013), the most important part of cyber security is people. Operation Buckshot Yankee is a perfect example of how human error can cause catastrophic damage. Whether it be due to improper training or carelessness, this event started with the actions of a single person and turned into a widespread situation with catastrophic damages. If proper training was initiated and due diligence was practiced, this situation could have been avoided. Most would consider a random flash drive found in an adversary country to be suspicious and would not try to plug it into any computer, let alone a secure government system, but user errors such as this are the primary cause of incidents regarding technology. Wilshusen (2013) shows statistics from government agencies explaining that 20% of cyber incidents are due to improper usage; only secondary to incidents still unexplained or under investigation. This statistical data is a definite indicator that people are the primary cause for problems in even federal government agencies. By having solid statistics based on real reports from 2012, it is irrefutable evidence that people are the primary cause of concern and outlines the need for continuous training and testing of knowledge. By keeping people properly trained and reducing the number of unknowing individuals having access to network resources above their knowledge these numbers could possibly be greatly reduced. A great personal example is at my place of employment. I work for a government sponsored healthcare company which handles patient data on a daily basis that is regulated by HIPAA. There are a few employees who are older aged (50-60) and are relatively unfamiliar with computers regardless of training given. A prime example is one employee in particular who is in upper management. I cannot think of a more perfect example of a prime target for any type of cyber attack, from social engineering to spam emails, she has fallen victim to them all and constantly does to this day. Upon sitting at her computer, all her usernames and passwords can be found on sticky notes on her desk or under her keyboard. She also opens every email and attachment regardless of what it says or who it is from. We recently had a couple simultaneous incidents happen with her in the past few weeks. The first sign was her email account being locked by our service provider. We called and they said her email was being used to send thousands of spam emails while logged in from China. Upon fixing this and changing her passwords etc., we scanned her computer only to find more than 17,000 malware installed on her computer. We constantly inform her about how to properly inspect email and about not giving out personal information or opening every attachment. Even with antispam programs on our server, some emails will always slip through, and she will always open them. I find this to be a prime example of human error and carelessness to perfectly describe how an incident such as Buckshot Yankee can occur. The statistical cost provided in an article by Ponemon Institute (2012) has shown in a survey that the average cost to a company of a successful cyber attack is about $214,000. This shows that the damages can be significant, and that data is extremely valuable. In the case of buckshot Yankee, the data which was stolen containing weapon plans, and confidential operations and surveillance data is of significant value and could result in catastrophic damages to the U.S. in both costs and possibly loss of life. If this data is placed in the wrong hands it could be used maliciously and the damage could be limitless. In the situation of my workplace, losing patient data could also be a significant loss, leading to possible lawsuits and compromising of patients’ personal information. In the case of target, had the situation been handled properly and the security system been utilized, it could have prevented the significant leaking of data. In a journal by Espenchied (2012) of Microso ft, Operation Buckshot Yankee took almost 14 months to clean up from Department of Defense and Pentagon networks. In all of these situations damages would not only cause significant monetary damage, but also damage the reputation of the data holder. For companies like Target, fixing the damages caused has resulted in an estimated $61 million in expenses and 9 lawsuits according to Riley, Elgin, and Matlack (2014). Had they acted quickly, these damages as well as damage to their reputation could have been minimized. Conclusion In conclusion to these findings, I would like to stress the importance of proper continued training of employees in any type of computer related job, as proper use of computer systems is the best method of preventing such events from occurring. Though proper training can be expensive, it can end up saving more money as well as reputation of the company as exampled given in each situation mentioned. Though the U.S. government has a highly sophisticated and expensive cyber security system, it was compromised by a simple mistake. The importance of due diligence and due care is extremely relevant to Operation Buckshot Yankee, as had the zero source individual been informed, they would have considered the mysterious flash drive a threat, and would not have compromised the system by carelessly using it. Because of how difficult it is to find and hold any party responsible in the domain of cyberspace, the best preventative measure is to make sure that your systems are not exposed to internal threats. Most threats from outside can be filtered with hardware and software, but inside threats are the largest problem. As described by Wilshusen (2013), user error is the leading known cause of cyber incidents in federal agencies at 20%, followed by malicious code at 18% also due to user carelessness; with direct threats such as unauthorized access and probing last at 17% and 7% respectively. The personal example I had given in my place of employment is another example of an insider threat compromising the network due to user misuse and carelessness. The only solution to keeping U.S. cyberspace safe is by ensuring that all hardware and software systems are up to date with current threats, and properly maintained in addition to informed system users. By regulating who has access to data resources, and making sure they are trained to the necessary level of knowledge, we can prevent these future mistakes from happening, and minimize possible damages due to data loss. These concepts apply not only in a government setting, but apply to use at work and even on our personal computers at home. Keeping cyberspace safe is the responsibility of all computer users, and is of utmost importance in this era where we are so dependent on computers. References Beidleman, Lt. Cl. Scott W. DEFINING AND DETERRING CYBER WAR†, (2009): 1-40 Espenchied,J.A. (2012). A Discussion of Threat Behavior: Attackers Patterns. Goodin, D. (2010, August 25). Pentagon confirms attack breached classified network †¢ The Register. Retrieved from http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/08/25/military_networks_breached/ Harris,S., Kumar,P.V. (2013). CISSP all-in-one exam guide, sixth edition.  New York: McGraw-Hill. Lynn, W. J. (2010, October). Defending a New Domain | Foreign Affairs. Retrieved from http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/66552/william-j-lynn-iii/defending-a-new- domain Nakashima, E. (2011, December 8). Cyber-intruder sparks response, debate The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/national/national- security/cyber-intruder-sparks-response-debate/2011/12/06/gIQAxLuFgO_story.html Nakashima, E. (2010, August 24). Defense official discloses cyberattack. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2010/08/24/AR2010082406495.html Ponemon Institute (2012, May 24). Infosecurity Cybercrime costs companies an average of $214,000 per attack. Retrieved from http://www.infosecurity- magazine.com/view/25966/cybercrime-costs-companies-an-average-of-214000-per- attack/ Richards, J. (2009). Denial-of-Service: The Estonian Cyberwar and Its Implications for U.S. National Security. Retrieved from http://www.iar-gwu.org/node/65 Riley,M., Elgin,B., Matlack,C. (2014, March 13). Target Missed Warnings in Epic Hack of Credit Card Data Businessweek. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-03- 13/target-missed-alarms-in-epic-hack-of-credit-card-data Wilshusen, G. C. (2013). CYBERSECURITY. A Better Defined and Implemented National Strategy Is Needed to Address Persistent Challenges, 36. Wilson, G. C. (2013). CYBERSECURITY. A Better Defined and Implemented National Strategy Is Needed to Address Persistent Challenges, 36

John Quincy Adams Essay -- essays research papers

John Quincy Adams was a major influence in the history of the United States. John Quincy took part in more important events, and held more important positions than any person in United States history. Some of the important positions he held were he was American Ministers to four different European Countries (Hague, Prussia, Russia and England), a State Senator representing Massachusetts, peace negotiator to England, a member of the House of Representatives, Secretary of the State, and President of the United States. John Quincy followed in the footsteps of his father John Adams, when he became President of the United States, but both father and son failed to win their second term as President. Although he had many successes he viewed himself as a disappointment. He did have many accomplishments during his career, but he also had a few downfalls and failures during his career. John Quincy was not the most liked person in the country, but he stood up for what he thought and believed in . There was a time in the early stage of John Quincy Adams' career when he was a Senator, when many Senators careers would end because they did not follow the thought of their constituents. By this time Senate was to be a more executive council than a legislative body. If they became more of a executive council they would help advise the President. Senate was an executive council to the President for a while, until the Federalist Party didn't agree on foreign policy, and many more polit...

Does Population Growth Affect Economic Growth? Essay

Population growth has its own effects on economic growth of a country, which can be negative or positive first we will look in to the negatively effecting factors of population growth: 1) Due to increase in Population Consumption Increases, which will decrease, GNP/GDP and Imports will increase and Exports Fall down Budget Defect is the result and the prices mount high. 2) Miss Use OR Over use of Natural Resources. Due to increase in population Man to Land Ratio decreases. As land is inelastic, one cannot increase the amount or supply of land. 3) Raw-Material or Primary Goods are used or processed directly or indirectly which produce finished goods and yield residues some of it is recycled and some is disposed to nature, which effects it negatively. Therefore, when more and more people depend on land there are more chances of the damage accruing to ecosystem. 4) Effect on PCI, if the population growth does not match the labor force there is a negative effect on PCI. 5) Population Growth and Standard of Living, as increase in population leads to more consumption. ALTERNATIVELY, there are more mouths to feed which effects the standard of living. 6) Population and Agriculture, the pressure on land increases and increase disguised unemployment. 7) Population and employment, unemployment increases due to increase in population. 8) Population and Social infrastructure, pressure increases, as one Doctor has to attend more and more patients similarly in other fields also. 9) Population Increase decreases Capital Formation. 10) Population Increase results in Brain Drain. 11) Population Increase negatively effects Environment as urban slums increase.

Anna Freud, Founder of Child Psychoanalysis

Anna Freud, Founder of Child Psychoanalysis Anna Freud was the daughter of Sigmund Freud. While her father was a giant in the field of psychology, Anna Freud was an accomplished psychologist in her own right. She was the founder of child psychoanalysis and extended and further refined her father’s ideas about defense mechanisms. Fast Facts: Anna Freud Known For: Founding child psychoanalysis and work on ego’s defense mechanismsBorn: December 3, 1895 in Vienna, AustriaDied: October 9, 1982 in London, EnglandParents: Sigmund Freud and Martha BernaysKey Accomplishments: Chairman of the Vienna Psycho-Analytic Society (1925-1928); Honorary President of the International Psychoanalytical Association (1973-1982); Founder of the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic (1952, now known as the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families) Early Life Anna Freud was born in 1895 in Vienna, Austria. She was the youngest of six children born to Sigmund Freud and his wife, Martha Bernays. She did not have a good relationship with her mother and was distant from her five siblings, especially her sister Sophie, who she felt was a rival for her father’s attention. However, she was close to her father. Sigmund Freud, fourth from left, sits at an elegant dining table with the rest of his family, including his daughter Anna, far right. Corbis/VCG via Getty Images / Getty Images Anna Freud graduated from Cottage Lyceum in 1912. While she didn’t go on to higher education, she claimed that she learned more at home from her father and his colleagues than she ever did at school. And, of course, Anna Freud had unparalleled access to information on psychoanalysis, which would eventually enable her to become an important voice in the field. Career In 1917, Anna Freud took a job as a primary school teacher. She also started to undergo psychoanalysis with her father- a practice that would be considered unusual today but was more common at the time. In 1923, Anna Freud started her own psychoanalytic practice focusing specifically on children. This was also the year that her father was diagnosed with cancer and Anna became his caretaker. Shortly afterwards, Anna Freud started teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute. Then in 1927, she became the Secretary for the International Psychoanalytic Association, and in 1935, the director of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute. The following year she published her best-known work, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, which expanded on her father’s ideas about defenses and the ways the ego works to protect itself. In 1938, when the Nazi threat became too great, Anna and Sigmund Freud fled Vienna and settled in London. World War II started there in 1939. Sigmund Freud died a few weeks later. Austrian psychologist Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) (second right) arrives in Paris after leaving Vienna en route to London, Paris, France, June 1938. He is accompanied by his daughter Anna (1895 - 1982) (left), wife of Prince George of Greece, Marie Bonaparte (1882 - 1962) (second left), and her son Prince Peter of Greece (1908 - 1980) (right). Pictorial Parade / Getty Images During her early years in England, Freud found herself in conflict with Melanie Klein, another psychoanalyst who was also formulating techniques to use with children. Freud and Klein differed on key points about child development, which led to their different approaches to analysis. In order to resolve the disagreement, they engaged in a series of â€Å"Controversial Discussions† that ended with the British Psychoanalytical Society forming training courses for both perspectives.   In 1941, Anna Freud opened The Hampstead War Nurseries with her friend Dorothy Burlingham. There, they cared for children who had been separated from their families due to the war and documented the children’s responses to the stress of being separated from their parents. After closing the nursery at the end of the war, Freud founded the Hampstead Child Therapy Course and Clinic in 1952. She was its director until her death in London in 1982.   Contributions to Psychology Freud was a pioneer of child psychoanalysis. She developed new techniques to help children, as she found they required different psychological treatments than adults.  She also pointed out that the symptom’s exhibited by children varied from those displayed by adults. She suggested this was a result of children’s developmental stages. In addition, her work on the ego’s defense mechanisms is still considered seminal. It was a major contribution to both ego psychology and adolescent psychology. Freud said repression, the unconscious suppression of impulses that could be problematic if they were acted upon, was the principle defense mechanism. She also detailed a number of other defense mechanisms, including denial, projection, and displacement. Key Works Freud, Anna. (1936). The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense.Freud, Anna. (1965). Normality and Pathology in Childhood: Assessments of Development.Freud, Anna. (1966-1980). The Writing of Anna Freud: 8 Volumes. Sources Cherry, Kendra. â€Å"Anna Freud Biography (1895-1982).† Verywell Mind, 11 November 2018. https://www.verywellmind.com/anna-freud-biography-1895-1982-2795536GoodTherapy. â€Å"Anna Freud (1895-1982).† 14 July 2015. https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/anna-freud.htmlSandler, Anna Marie. Anna Freud. British Psychoanalytical Society, 2015. https://psychoanalysis.org.uk/our-authors-and-theorists/anna-freudSmirle, Corinne. Profile of Anna Freud. Psychologys Feminist Voices Multimedia Internet Archive, edited by In A. Rutherford. feministvoices.com/anna-freud/Sigmund Freud Museum. Vita Anna Freud. https://www.freud-museum.at/en/sigmund-and-anna-freud/vita-anna-freud.html  Sigmund Freud Museum. Biography Anna Freud. https://www.freud-museum.at/files/inhalte/dokumente/en/anna_freud_biopgraphy_eng_pdf.pdfThe Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"Anna Freud: Austrian-British Psychoanalyst.† Encyclopaedia Britannica, 29 November 2018. https://www.britann ica.com/biography/Anna-Freud

photo lab essays

photo lab essays Plant and Animal Interrelationships Purpose- to determine the difference in carbon dioxide taken in between a snail (animal) and a elodea (plant) also to see if a symbiotic relationship is present between these two organisms if so does it relate to photosynthesis in any way. Hypothesis- If a photosynthetic organisms is placed in a lighted area and anther in a dark area then the one in the lighted area is going to take in more Carbon dioxide then the one in the dark area. Materials- the Materials that are needed for this project are as follows. glass test tubes, rubber stoppers, Brothymo to measure the amount of Carbon dioxide present in the test tube blue equates to oxygen yellow is carbon dioxide, snails, Elodea, a lamp preferably florescent or one that mimics the sun, test tube racks, eye dropper, distilled water, scotch tape, sharpie marker, and a dark cabinet. Procedure- before you begin the experiment take some time to discus the relationship between light and photosynthesis, also the by-products of photosynthesis. after an initial discussion proceed to locate the 8 test tubes label them A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1, and D2 also fill them most of the way full with distilled water but leave enough room for there to be an air pocket as well as room for the stopper. then add 4 drops of Brothymo to each one of the tubes. Place a rubber stopper on A1 and A2 set one in the test tube rack that is labeled light and one on the one that is labeled dark. these are the two controls in the experiment. then take the two test tubes labeled B1 and B2 and put a snail in each one of the put a stopper on each and place the B1 in the light rack and B2 in the dark one. then take the test tubes labeled C1 and C2 and place a Elodea plant in each one, put the stopper on both and then proceed to place C1 in the light rack and C2 in the dark rack. next take the la st two test tubes and place both a Elodea and a snail in each tube put the rubbe ...

Guarding Efficiency of Emergency Informational Systems to Protect Essay

Guarding Efficiency of Emergency Informational Systems to Protect Citizens - Essay Example With the ever-changing advancements in technology, however, many of its operations, including its 911 operations system, require improvements for efficient communication to adequately accommodate the needs and provide sufficient safety for all citizens. According to former fire Lieutenant Michael Pena, information sharing is an essential component of any rescue operation. Without proper information sharing, a rescue operation could be frustrating (Golden, 2006). Thus, a centralized source of information offers efficient communication, which is critical for the operations of many organizations (ISACA). A centralized source is even more effective when it has the capabilities to quickly relay information to other sources. Of FLPD's three major bureaus, the Support Services Bureau contains The Information Services Division, which handles all communication functions (SafirRosetti, 2006).Within the Information Services Division is the Information Systems Unit (ISU). The ISU is connected to many important systems to support and manage numerous critical functions. For example, the ISU's informational contribution to Florida Crime Information Center Systems adds pertinent information to The National Crime Information Center Systems. The Information Services Division also includes the Public Safety Communications Center, which is responsible for processing incoming calls, dispatching, and teletype (SafirRosetti, 2006). Since 1925, FLPD's communication system has upgraded from one telephone to a center that provides 911 computer and radio communications for approximately 700 police and 300 fire employees (flpd.org). Each year the center handles approximately 500,000 phone calls, which at times require that the dispatcher rely upon information from other informational sources. In response, a dispatcher must evaluate a call before dispatching the appropriate unit. A phone call requiring a police response is entered into the Computer Aided Dispatch System (CAD) before forwarded to the dispatch section. Managed and supported by the ISU, the CAD matches and relays pertinent information. Thus, a dispatcher could consult the ISU via the CAD and warn a responding officer of much need information prior to his or her arrival on a crime scene. Without knowing the priors of a violent criminal from another state, an officer responding to a 911 call would be ill prepared and vulnerable. On the other hand, an aware officer could better assess the criminal and situation and handle them accordingly. Thus, the interconnectivity of systems provides invaluable information and should be preserved and protected. Adequacy in Systems Protection Preservation and protection for vital information is essential. Further, reliability of the information retrieved from the system assures deciding officers and equips them with confidence when making decisions. Faulty information from the system could result in an officer making a grave mistake. In addition, faulty information results in time lost when a department tries to recover from

Operations Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Operations Management - Research Paper Example The aim of this project is to identify key weaknesses in the operations management system of the Religious Health Care, review of literature on the topics, and offer recommendations that the firm could use to improve on its weaknesses. Religious Health Care has been experiencing continual decline in employee morale, which has resulted in reduced quality of services provided to clients; this phenomenon has been blamed on the poor or non-existent sense of leadership in the organization. Junior employees do not have models in the senior employees that they can use as a guide in their careers, or even in the provision of services in Religious Health Care. It is well known that the best way to lead people is by example, and though the firm has elaborate guidelines for the provision of health care, the senior employees do not abide by those guidelines, and junior employees do not see the need for doing so too. Moreover, there seems to be no consequences for not abiding by the company rules; in any case, recruits are not familiarized with these guidelines during induction, and with the passage of time, it is as if these guidelines are non-existent. Communication is another key functional factor that is underrated at Religious Health Care; the firm does not seem to have enough of it. For instance, decisions are made by the management without consulting internal or external stakeholders; which is destructive for the organization since the former are the implementers of company policies and the latter are the recipients of the effects of the implementation of these policies. The management holds meetings with employees only to inform them of decisions that have already been made, making employees, like any other business resources, to be exploited without caring about their feelings or welfare. Religious Health Care has a top-to-bottom management style, whereby employees do not have a role to

Cross Cultural (Intercultural) Management Skills Essay

Cross Cultural (Intercultural) Management Skills - Essay Example Knowledge management is the systematic application of knowledge to improve companies’ performance through facilitating inter-organizational informational sharing and experience. Breiden, Mohr and Mirza (2005 p.15) say that cultural knowledge management competency can therefore help solve management problem. Some of the tasks which are included here are interactive translation, developing participative competence, cross cultural networking, creation of collaborative atmosphere and finally developing of a participative competence. For instance, when French speaking expatriate working for the United Nations is send to South America there he/she will find totally different cultures in terms of language and the kind of food people eat. It calls for ability and readiness to learn and appreciate that other cultures are also important.Building positive relationships with others is a very important skill. It is advisable to develop relationships with locals and colleagues through relat ional skills development as opposed to being solely task oriented. One should be an all rounded person who is not self centered with possession of social orientation and social adroitness with superb skills in solving disputes, cooperating with friends and affiliates, unlike majoring in work competition and performance excluding the social life. For example, when one is from a Western nation and goes to work in India, it is advisable to participate in some of their services so that they can feel that you are part of them.

The Childhood section of Dubliners Essay Example for Free

The Childhood section of Dubliners Essay From your reading of the two stories in the Childhood section of Dubliners how is the encounter between different generations portrayed and what do you think is its role? The stories An Encounter and Sisters contain objective viewpoints about the older generation, and are told from the perspective of a young boy. There is the implication in both stories that the older generation is associated with religion which plays a paralysing role in the society of Dublin. The role of the encounter between the different age groups demonstrates the conflict of belief that occurs between young children growing up, forming their own opinions and beliefs, and their elders, who are trying to impress attitudes and traditions on them that seem unnatural to them. There is a suggestion that its role is also representative of the turmoil which Catholic Ireland found itself in during this period. The young boy, from whose perspective we see the elder generation, does not appear to hold the respect he ought to for his elders. In Sisters, the child feels bored by Old Cotter due to his endless talk about the distillery. The presence of Old Cotter and also that of the strange man in An Encounter are seen as equally undesirable by the narrator, and both are referred to in derogatory terms: Old Cotter as a tiresome old fool, and the nameless man by Mahony as a queer old josser. The children feel that they have no need for these men in their lives and it is significant that the word josser is slang meaning priest, exemplifying the disregard the boys feel towards a religion that has been imposed upon them. In addition to these two characters, in An Encounter Father Butler is a primary reason for the desire the boys feel for escape from the rebuke during the sober hours. Father Butler clearly has close connection with religion and their dislike of him once more is representative of the hostility the boys feel towards Catholicism and its effect on Dublin. The character of Father Flynn possesses a didactic role over the young boy, and we are told he taught [him] a great deal. Whether this teaching was desired by or imposed upon the narrator is not made clear but it is apparent that the priest instilled a certain amount of trepidation and awe, as well as admiration, in the boy, due to the adjectives used to describe his appearance, ancient, truculent, grey and massive, with black cavernous nostrils. The priests description is symbolic of the way in which the narrator feels about religion; one of the main roles that the encounter with the elder generation plays. The colours described are dark and intimidating, the atmosphere in his room was smoke-filled and one of lethargy, just as religion would have seemed harsh, restrictive and uninspiring. The man in An Encounter, also representing religion does not give a good impression of this central aspect of Irish society, he is perverted and contradictory in his words, he seemed to have forgotten his recent liberalismhe would whip a boy he would love that. One role of this encounter is to demonstrate the confusion that the boy feels about religion, before his eyes he sees contradiction in a religious figure, perverted and unnerving contradiction at that, which can only serve to add yet more doubt to his wavering faith. In both scenarios the narrator feels relieved when he escapes his elders whom he finds unnerving, indeed the epiphany in Sisters is the moment where he realises that he feels a sensation of freedomby his death. In the same way in An Encounter the boy seizes the first available moment to escape from the strange man, I stood up abruptlysaying that I was obliged to go. There is an urgency to get away from these mysterious characters although this is not apparent to the boy in the context of Father Flynn until he is involuntarily released by his death. Strangely, in the two stories the child feels an affinity to the elder generation and thus there is a sense of guilt due to the relief he experiences when they are absent. In Sisters the boy definitely admires the priest and despite feeling entrapped and paralysed by the religious implications attached to his role in society, there is also a certain empathy he feels towards him. The duties of the priesthood were too much for [Father Flynn] and smothered him, just as the requirements the boy must conform to in terms of religion are too demanding on his confused and inquisitive mind. In An Encounter the sense of empathy appears at the epiphany of the story, where the narrator realises that, like the man, he had always despised [Mahony] a little. This sudden, unexpected revelation that has been brought about by the unsettling words of the man demonstrates that the role of the older generation in this scenario has been to help the boy be true to himself and admit his own beliefs, which may inadvertently help him to accept his true religious feelings. The language and sentence structure used in Sisters helps to emphasise the generation gap perceived by the reader, words such as endless which imply the length of Old Cotters life as well as his boring talk, the threatening words that indicate the unapproachable appearance of Father Flynn due to his age and social significance, blackened, solemn and copious. Where the narrator describes how Father Flynn impressed his knowledge upon him, he lists the topics that he was taught, which shows not only the amount of subjects the two covered, but also symbolises the sheer length and content of the priests long life. The encounters used by Joyce in these two stories play conflicting roles, and contradiction is evident even within the same story; the boy describes a sense of anxiety to escape from his elders, yet expresses guilt at these feelings. He feels trapped by religion, yet sympathises with a priest about the constraints it makes on society, surprising as such a figure should be the embodiment of the restriction he finds it hard to abide by. The distance expressed both in terms of age and in opinion shows how the boy feels controlled by a generation he cannot relate to. This conveys a sense of paralysis affecting the younger generation of Ireland, a generation controlled by its elders and their religion, a religion which controls rather than directs its pupils. The encounters that make up such an important part of the two stories serve to demonstrate the alienation the children of Ireland feel towards their elders and their social situation: there simply is not the same strength of feeling towards religion in their lives, an empowering force on their lives and in Dublin.